魏晉至隋唐政教之爭---以慧遠〈沙門不敬王者論〉為中心=Conflicts Between Religion And Government From Wei-Jin To Sui-Tang — Centering On The Buddhists Defying The Throne By Huiyuan
There were two disputes about whether the Buddhists should revere the throne in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The first dispute occurred in 340 A.D., the 6th year of Emperor Chengdi’s reign which was called Xiankang. Chengdi’s Chief Counselor (Chinese: Fuzheng) Yu Bing proposed that the Buddhists should revere the throne which was opposed by Chief Minister (Chinese: Shangshuling) He Chong and others. 60 years later, in the 2nd year of the Emperor Andi’s reign (403 A.D.) which was called Yuanxing, Prime Minister (Chinese: Zaifu) Huan Xuan ordered that all monks should revere the throne, which was strongly opposed by the spiritual leader of Buddhism Hui Yuan. Huan Xuan represented the mortal power and the Confucianism while Hui Yuan the Buddhists and Buddhism. Both of them held different ideas, attitudes, arguments and the underlying philosophy. In the following 300-odd years from Eastern Jin Dynasty to Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, many disputes of such events arose, such as: Emperor Xiaowudi of Song Dynasty set up by Liu Family and Seng Yuan during the Southern Dynasties Period, Helian Bobo of Sha State of the Northern Dynasties Period, Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty and Mingzhan, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty and Fu Yi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Weixiu. The incidents revealed different ideas and arguments about whether the Buddhists should revere the throne, as well as ethical issues due to cultural gap, social economical issues and political issues of power struggles between aristocratic castes. Taking literature data to analyze the research thoughts, the study explores the position and influence of the Buddhists Defying the Throne in the dissemination of Buddhism in China, encountered by the traditional ethic culture, royal political power struggles and the difference between Chinese and Indian philosophy. By analyzing the context, process, opinions of respect and theoretical narration, the author explores the subtle relations between Buddhism philosophy and the Buddhists and the royal power from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the beginning of Tang Dynasty. The author has also clearly clarified the grounds and the deep meaning of their philosophy by analyzing the 5 articles of Huiyuan’s the Buddhists Defying the Throne, and the 6 volumes of Anecdotes of the Buddhist's Rights to Defy the Mortal Power by Yanzong. This thesis consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter is introduction, stating the motives, objectives, questions, research methods, research scopes, contents, literature review and the predecessors' research achievements. The second chapter discusses the relationship between the Buddhists and the royal power, introducing the formation of Chinese royal power and its relation with the Buddhism since the introduction of Buddhism into China, and summing up recordings of interaction between the Buddhism and the royal power from ancient Indian book The Manu-smrti and other Buddhist sutras such as The Samaññaphala Sutta and The Madhyamagama-sutra to discuss the difference between Chinese and Indian philosophies and culture. Finally, it discusses the historical records of incidents relatin
