For all Buddhists, the ultimate objective in practicing Buddhism is to become a Buddha. In order to help all sentient beings achieving this objective, the Buddha preached a variety of different ways to obtain liberation depending on the occasions. As a result, there are the so-called ”eighty-four thousand dharma gates.” The methods in practicing Buddhism are of a wide spectrum and the principles and theories are profound. For example, the doctrines of Mādhyamaka and Yogācāra schools reveal insights in the personal qualities of life and wonderful descriptions on the reality in the dharmadhātu. Through the collective efforts of genius masters who transcribed and commented sutras over a long period of time, the Tripitaka was gradually canonized . Pañcākārābhisaṃbodhi emerged as a way of practice during the period of Esoteric Buddhism. It is in the Tattva-samgraha-Sūtra/ Vajra-sekhara-sūtra which inherited the thoughts of Mahayana Buddhism such as the aṣṭādaśa in the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, mutual connectedness of the dharmadhātu in the Buddhâvataṃsake Mahā-vaipulya-sūtra, the idea of thirty-six uddha-gunas in the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra，and self-observation in Dasheng bensheng xindi guangjing 《大乘本生心地觀經》. In addition, it is the major source of influence on the tantras emerged in the later period. Even though Pañcākārābhisaṃbodhi employs five progressive practices as the passage to becoming a Buddha, it in fact refers to many doctrines in Buddhism, such as the Agama, Mādhyamika, Conscious-only, and thatāgatagarbha. The resulting vajramandala is the embodiment of virtues in which Buddha manifested to teach and transform sentient beings. Therefore, what has been transmitted by the Pañcākārābhisaṃbodhi is not inclusive of the tantric teaching, but also includes Mahayana Buddhism. There are many researches on Buddhist meditation in conjunction with neuroscience in this century. Even though many modest scholars considered the research in the beginning stage, and there are many aspects await improvements, further exploration and findings can be expected.
