1.0. Was There an Urkanon? What Was Its Language? Is There a Problem of Translation? 84 1.1. The Interdependence of the Question of Language with that of Literary form 84 1.2. The Language Policy of the Buddha 84 1.3. Oral Transmission 84 1.4. The Lack of Any Surviving Document Reflecting the Buddha's Speech 85 1.5. The Need for New Approaches to the Problem 85 1.6. Against the Use of the Term 'Translation' 85 2.0. What Language Did the Buddha Preach in? 85 2.1. Did the Buddha Use One Language/Dialect, or Many? 85 2.2. If One Language/Dialect, then Which? 85 3.0. Can the Asokan Inscriptions Clarify Dialect Differences? 86 4.0. Do the 'Cullavagga's Chinese Parallels Discuss Modes of Recitation or Dialect Differences? 86 4.1. Buddhavacanam 86 4.2. Chandaso 87 4.3. Aropema, Aropetabbam, Aropeyya 87 4.4. Nirutti 87 4.5. Language or Recitation? 87 5.0. JXL's Views 88 5.1. What Was the 'Urkanon'? 89 5.2. The Canon of the Jains 89 5.3 Magadhism 89 5.3.1. Bhikkhave 89 5.3.2. Pure 89 5.3.3. -o and -e 90 5.4. New Approaches (cf. 1.5) 90 5.5 'Translation' 90 5.6 Materials in Chinese on the Buddhist Use of Language 90 NOTES 92
