以整合觀點論佛教與新時代的意識探討：以《楞伽經》與《賽斯書》為依據=An Integral Perspective of Consciousness on Buddhism and New Age: on the basis of the Lankavatara Sutra and the Seth Book
本論文以肯恩‧威爾伯的整合學說為依據，以意識探討為研究範疇，提供佛教與新時代思想觀點互援之依據。在研究架構上是以肯恩‧威爾伯所援引長青哲學的觀點──「神性超越一切又遍及四方」的論述為比對主軸，輔以威爾伯的意識光譜理論、超個人心理學觀點及其所援引長青哲學的存有巨鏈（Great Chain of Being）作為比對論點，比較佛教與新時代思想在超越依據、靈修方法的異同。前者以《楞伽經》「如來藏與唯識融攝」的特色為觀察向度，進行意識提升的探討；後者則以現今西方新時代思想為範圍，以《賽斯書》「信念形成實相」的主軸，討論意識建構的過程。 首先，在超越依據部分，以威爾伯「神性的超越一切又遍及四方」的兩個特點，標舉出兩個核心論述：「長青哲學視野下『超越性的統一』」以及「一體意識的完形性」，作為《楞伽經》「如來藏」及《賽斯書》「一切萬有」的比對依據。其次，於靈修方法比對部分，則承襲神性「超越一切又遍及四方」的主軸，以威爾伯所謂神性的兩種創造演化過程──「上溯（Ascending）空性之道」和「下及（Descending）萬有之道」，分別詮釋佛教觀點及賽斯思想所呈現的兩種靈性探索途徑。透過比較二者於靈修方法的相異及相同之處，匯歸於威爾伯的「全層次、全象限」的觀點，歸結上行之道及下行之道的整合。 依據本論文的比對過程，觀察到佛教與新時代思想的義理脈絡容或相殊，二者在闡發個體意識的提升對於真理的探索縱然有異，然實則為直探一體意識的兩種不同表述路徑。若將前者「眾生皆具佛性」及後者「眾人皆有神性」的觀點，置於長青哲學的視野觀照下，則可知二者的終極關懷皆為看破物質世界表層結構的幻相，明示世人藉由意識的轉化與提升， 直探一體意識的深層結構。
This study is based on the integral philosophy of Ken Wilber, focusing on the explorations of consciousness with discussions on the viewpoints from Buddhism and New Age. The main structure of this study settles on Ken Wilber’s perennial philosophy-------Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous, supplemented with his theories on the spectrum of consciousness, transpersonal psychology, as well as the Great Chain of Being excerpted from perennial philosophy. The very study compares the differences between Buddhism and New Age in their respective transcending methods and spiritual cultivation. In this study, Buddhism is introduced from the perspective of Tathāgatagarbha and Consciousness-Only in Lankavatara Sutra, aiming at the discussions over conscious ascending, while New Age is introduced from the perspective of “You create your own reality” in Seth, aiming at the discussions over the process of conscious construction. In the first place, regarding transcending theories, based on the two core traits of “Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous” come up with by Wilber, “transcendent unity” of perennial philosophy as well as “the integrity of Oneness” are presented as the basis for comparisons between Tathāgatagarbha in Lankavatara sutra and “All that is” in Seth. Secondly, regarding the comparison in spiritual cultivation, “Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous” remains the main structure, and furthermore, the spiritual paths of Buddhism and Seth are interpreted respectively based on Ascending and Descending, submitted by Ken Wilber. Through the comparisons between the two spiritual paths, the common grounds and differences are all integrated by Ken Wilber’s holographic viewpoints on Ascending and Descending. According to the comparisons between Buddhism and New Age in this study, though Buddhism and New Age hold distinctive views on how conscious ascending affects one’s exploration of the truth, yet in fact, both represent two direct ways for exploring Oneness. Under the scope of the perennial philosophy, Buddhahood of Buddhism and Godhood of New Age both ultimately lead to seeing through the illusions of the material world and shed light on the fact that by transforming and ascending one’s awareness, one can delve into the profound structure of Oneness.
