Buddhism is a great religion that was discovered more than two thousand six hundred year ago, in India by Siddhartha the Enlightened-the Buddha. It has performed a significantly very important role for the development of culture and civilization in India. Buddhism was spread over the whole of Asia and the rest of the world on a large scale, as a religion, philosophy, ideology and the way of life, molding a new culture and civilization and life style. A new creative and imaginative spirit in art, architecture, sculpture, literature and reality, the entire gamut of human endeavors in every country of Asia, in particular, was the most purposeful outcome of the influence of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism was born in Bodh Gaya, rapidly spread out to other parts of the country in India. A whole new complete civilization sprung up, with flourishing centers of creative arts and crafts at Saranath, Sanchi, Mathura, Gandhara, Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Ajanta, Ellora, Bodh-Gaya Nalanda, Vikramasila and Ratnagiri, Lalitgiri are to mention a few. The Buddhist remains at many such places speak volumes about the contemporary society and the phases of its growth and decline. So also we can mark the growth and development from its inception down 15th century A.D in Odisha, which became as a part of our magnificent heritage. This dissertation intends to focus upon the Buddhist Heritage of Odisha, concentration on material remains such as monuments and archeological finds.
目次
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I 摘要 II ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV TABLE OF FIGURE V
CHAPTER I PREFACE 1 1.1 Research Motivation and Purpose 2 1.2 Research Methods 4 1.3 Overview of Previous Research 5 1.4 Objective 7 1.5 Expected Result 8
CHAPTER II THE STUDY OF HISTORY IN ODISHA 9 2.1 Studies in History of Orissa 9 2.2 Major Tropes in the Buddhist Historiography 11
CHAPTER III SURVEY OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN ODISHA 15 3.1 The Sites 15 3.2 The Settlements 24
CHAPTER IV THE STUPA & MONASTERIE ARCHITECTURE IN ODISHA 30 4.1 Stupa 30 4.2 Monasteries 39
CHAPTER V A STUDY BASED ON BUDDHIST IMAGES FROM ODISHA 53 5.1 Sculpture & Images 53 5.2 Buddhist deities from Orissa 57
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 TABLE OF FIGURE Figure 1 MAHASTUPHA AT LALITGIRI 31 Figure 2 STUPA AT RATNAGIRI 33 Figure 3 SUTPA AT UDAYAGRIR 35 Figure 4 APSIDAL TEMPLE (CHAITYA), LALITGIRI 37 Figure 5 MONASTERY AT LALITGIRI 41 Figure 6 MONASTERY AT RATNAGIRI 47 Figure 7 MONASTERY AT UDAYAGIRI 50 Figure 8 EXPOSED IN UDAYAGIRI II AREA 52
