Buddhist literature; Tibetan; Buddhist monks; Tsong-kha-pa Blo-bzang-grags-pa, 1357-1419
摘要
The dissertation delineates how the writings compiled in The Collected Works (Gsung ’bum) of Jey Tsongkhapa Lobzang Drakpa (1357–1419), the founder of the Geluk School of Tibetan Buddhism, constitute the centrality of the Geluk thought and philosophy and have contributed towards the school’s formation.
It details how the texts have played a prominent role in establishing doctrinal authority, defining philosophical boundaries, postulating intellectual identity, and reorienting monastic education for the school. These texts have also considerably enhanced the intellectual, spiritual, and charismatic authority of Jey Tsongkhapa as a teacher and philosopher. This dissertation bases its approach on the premise that the life and writings of Tsongkhapa define the core identity of the Geluk School and that an explicit rejection of either tantamount to an outright abnegation of its membership.
The dissertation begins with a critical retelling of Tibet’s religious history to contextualize the subject. The second chapter presents the culture and practice of life writing in Tibet to inform about the mechanism employed in traditional auto/biographies. Given the enormous attention drawn by the study of Jesus Christ (c. 4 BCE–c. 33 CE) in western academia, the chapter includes a literary review of contemporary studies and research for their emulation in the study of Tibetan hagiographies. The life story of Tsongkhapa is recounted in the third chapter. The fourth chapter details significant historical events that helped recenter Tsongkhapa in the Tibetan religio-cultural landscape. The fifth chapter presents his oeuvre—The Collected Works, the first extensive xylographic work printed in Tibet in the early fifteenth century. It also outlines the volume contents, presents sample texts, and chronicles the history of its publication and printing. The sixth chapter illustrates the centrality of Jey Tsongkhapa’s writings and its integration into the Geluk monastic educational system. The seventh chapter explicates on the topic of textual transmission and demonstrates how the texts were passed down through unbroken lineages to this day. The dissertation concludes with an epilogue and other back matters, including a list of transliteration of names, which are phoneticized in the main body for the ease of reading.
目次
List of Charts and Illustrations iii Acknowledgments iv Preface 1
Chapter 1: Geluk: The Tradition of Geden 5 1.1. Historical Overview 6 1.2 ‘Religion’ and Pre-Historic Religions in Tibet 8 1.3 Buddhism in Tibet: Syncretism, Adoption, and Nativization 12 1.4 Periodization of Buddhism during the Pre-Imperial and Imperial Period 16
Chapter 2: Reimagining Historical Lives in the Early Biographical Writings 36 2.1 Literary Approaches 39 2.2 Culture and Practice of Life Writing in Tibet 48 2.3 The Role of Biographical Writings in the Portrayal of an Authoritative Being 70
Chapter 3: Life of Jey Tsongkhapa 79 3.1 Birth, Former Lives and Early Years 80 3.2 Education.103 3.3 His Religious Life.116 3.4 Death: OF Absence and Presence 133
Chapter 4: On Becoming a Spiritual Authority 146 4.1 Restoration of Temples and Religious Artefacts 147 4.2 Revival of the Buddhist Vinaya 154 4.3 The Great Prayer Festival of Lhasa 161 4.3.1 Re-Centering Buddhist Religiosity in Tibet 169 4.3.2 Unsettled Premises and Prejudiced Views 180 4.4 Establishment of Ganden Monastery 185 4.5 Conclusion 189
Chapter 5: The Collected Works of Jey Tsongkhapa 190 5.1 The Collected Works in the Gelukpa Monastic Academia 191 5.2 The Printing of The Collected Works 193 5.3 Contents of The Collected Works 212 5.3.1 Writings on Philosophy and Soteriology: Lamrim text and tradition 222 5.3.2 Writings on Liberal Art: A Poetry 241
Chapter 6: The Centrality of Tsongkhapa’s Writings in the Gelukpa Monastic Academia 261 6.1 Recentering Indian Scriptures and Classical Treatises in Buddhist Studies 262 6.2 The Centrality of Tsongkhapa’s Writings in Gelukpa Academia 264 6.3 Tsongkhapa’s Views on Philosophy, Logic, Ethics, And Tantra 250
Chapter 7: Text in Transmission: Gelukpa Spiritual and Intellectual Traditions 283 7.1 Transmission Lineage and Tradition 288 7.1.1 Textual Transmission in Tibet 292 7.1.2 Textual Transmission in Geluk School 293 7.2 The Culture of Textual Transmission 299 7.3 Transmission of Guhyasamaja Tantra: A Case Study 302
