van der Kuijp, Leonard W.; Witzel, Michael; Henning, Edward
畢業年度
2016
摘要
The eclipse calculations in Tibet feature religious implications. One religious issue is Buddhist chronology (bstan rtsis). With Kālacakra calculational bases, Tibetan Kālacakra astronomers have tried to synchronize with the Buddhist texts, stating that the Buddha’s enlightenment occurred during a lunar eclipse of the full moon. The concept is called “backward calculation” (yar log gi rtsis). Another religious issue is the rite of poṣadha (gso sbyong). At some point in Tibet, the idea of ūnarātra (zhag mi thub) in the Abhidharma literature was used to argue the accuracy of the weekday (gza’) value of the skar rtsis for the performance of gso sbyong. However, the decision of the accurate day for the gso sbyong during the 18th century Amdo became an issue. At stake was the conjunction with the occurrence of the solar eclipses, whose dates occasionally matched up with the Qing Chinese calendar, not with the skar rtsis calendar. Upon these cases, one of the possible solutions was to perform gso sbyong in conformity with region (yul bstun gso sbyong) according to the Chinese date. Under the situation that an eclipse is closely tied to the religious chronology and practice, Tibetan astronomers made great efforts to produce the eclipse calculation results which were in accordance with direct experience (mngon sum). However, they have been confronted with the incongruity between their calculations and the real phenomena of an eclipse. Inevitably, the non-Kālacakra methods and knowledge, including observation, empirical data, debates, criticism, research into other traditions, etc. have been incorporated into the skar rtsis system based upon the Kālacakra. Technically, adding a correction (nur ster), the correction of residual (rtsis ’phro), the correction of a Great Conjunction at the zero point (stong chen ’das lo), etc., within the conceptual and methodological framework of the Kālacakra, have been used to tally calculations with the real phenomena of an eclipse. Also, the non-Kālacakra Chinese Lixiang kaocheng system (later known as Mā yang rgya rtsis), which was based upon modern geometric and trigonometric knowledge, was used.
目次
Acknowledgements viii
Introduction 1
Part I. Religious Reasons for Eclipse Calculation Chapter 1. Buddhist Chronology (T. Bstan rtsis) 37 1. Backward Calculation (T. Yar log gi rtsis) 37 2. A Survey of Later Period Btsan rtsis with Respect to an Eclipse 54
Chapter 2. The Rite of Confession (S. Poṣadha / T. Gso sbyong) 77 1. Gso sbyong Date and Zhag mi thub (S. Ūnarātra) 77 2. A Survey of Later Period Practice of Gso sbyong with Respect to an Eclipse: Yul bstun gso sbyong 90
Part II. An Increase in the Accuracy of Eclipse Calculations Chapter 3. The Kālacakra Approaches to Knowledge 115 1. Knowledge Depicted in Buddhist Texts 116 2. Knowledge from Non-Texutal Sources 121
Chapter 4. Methods for Accuracy in Eclipse Prediction 184 1. Skar rtsis 185 2. Rgya rtsis 291
Conclusion 327 Appendix I. Unsolved Problems in the Mongolian 60-Year Cycle 334 Appendix II. The Preface of the Tngri-yin Udq-a 342 Appendix III. The Printer’s Colophon of the Rgya rtsis chen mo 352 Appendix IV. Eighteenth Century Mongolian Lama’s Kālacakra Knowledge and the Translation of the Rgya rtsis chen mo 361 Abbreviations 383 Bibliography 386
