Table of Contents 中文摘要 i Abstract ii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and problem definition 1 1.2 Aim of the study 13 1.3 Significance of the study 15 2 Literature review 18 2.1 Subjective well-being 18 2.1.1 Concept of subjective well-being 18 2.1.2 Measurement of subjective well-being 20 2.2 Mindfulness 22 2.2.1 Definition of mindfulness 22 2.2.2 Measurement of mindfulness 23 2.2.3 Relevant studies on mindfulness 26 2.2.4 Study on the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being 27 2.3 Spirituality 29 2.3.1 Definition of spirituality 29 2.3.2 Measurement of spirituality 32 2.3.3 Studies related to spirituality 33 2.3.4 Study on the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being 38 2.4 Loving-kindness meditation 39 2.4.1 Definition of Loving-kindness meditation 39 2.4.2 Related studies on the intervention of compassion meditation 43 2.4.3 Compassion meditation intervention strategy 47 2.5 Mandala painting 49 2.5.1 Definition of mandala painting 49 2.5.2 Relevant studies on the intervention of mandala painting 50 2.6 Research model 57 3 Pilot studies 58 3.1 Study1: Effects of mandala coloring on mindfulness, spirituality, and subjective well-being 58 3.2 Study2: Cooperative and Individual Mandala Drawing Have Different Effects on Mindfulness, Spirituality, and Subjective Well-Being 59 3.3 Study3: The Effect of Loving Kindness Meditation on Flight Attendants’ Spirituality, Mindfulness and Subjective Well-Being 60 3.4 Chapter summary 61 4 The main study 62 4.1 Prototype development: ISDT case study of loving kindness meditation for flight attendants 62 4.2 Experimental verification: Open your eyes or close your eyes: Animation Pedagogical Agent guided and traditional Loving-Kindness Meditation Have Different Effects on Flight Attendants’ Spirituality, Mindfulness and Subjective Well-Being during COVID-19 66 5 Discussion 67 5.1 Mandala Positive Psychological Intervention 67 5.2 Loving-kindness meditation Positive Psychological Intervention 69 5.3 Animation-guided Loving-kindness meditation Positive Psychological Intervention 71 5.4 Comprehensive discussion 73 5.5 Research Limitations and Future Studies 82 5.5.1 Research Limitations 82 5.5.2 Future Studies 82 6 Conclusion 84 References 86 Appendix 103 Effects of mandala coloring on mindfulness, spirituality, and subjective well-being 104 Cooperative and Individual Mandala Drawing Have Different Effects on Mindfulness, Spirituality and Subjective Well-being 115 The Effect of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Flight Attendants' Spirituality, Mindfulness and Subjective Well-Being 135 ISDT case study of loving kindness meditation for flight attendants 149 Open your eyes or close your eyes: Animation Pedagogical Agent guided and traditional Loving-Kindness Meditation Have Different Effects on Flight Attendants’ Spirituality, Mindfulness and Subjective Well-Being during COVID-19 163 List of figures Figure 1 Research framework 14 Figure 2 Research model 57
List of Tables Table 1 Representative concepts of SWB 19 Table 2 Representative concepts of mindfulness 23 Table 3 Representative concepts of spirituality 31 Table 4 The publication of the studies 103
