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¶277
En-nin and the Japanese Tendai School
Yang, Zeng-wen
Professor, Institute for Research on World Religions,
Chinese Academy Social Sciences
Summary
After his studies in China, Saichoþö
established the Japanese Tendai School with its
headquarters on Mt. Hiei. A special feature of this
school, the incorporation of tantric elements, was
further developed by Saichoo's disciple En-nin and
later on by En-chin and An-nen.
In 838 CE, En-nin went to China for a stint as a
"monk requesting for instruction" but certain
circumstances prevented him from the pilgrimage to
Mt.Tientai, yet when he tried to return to Japan
strong winds forced him to stay in China. He
thereupon travelled to Mt. Wutai, Chang'an and other
places and studied with famous masters the teachings
of both the Tientaiand Tantric schools. During his
stay, he went through Emperor Wuzong's persecution of
Buddhism which forced him to return to lay life for
some time.
After his return to Japan in 847 CE, he recorded
his experiences inthe Nittoo-guboojunreigyooli. In
doctrinal respect, he composed among other works the
Kongoochookyoosho and Soshitsujikyooryakusho arguing
for the supremacy of the tantric teaching over
the Tendai Perfect Teaching. In his view, the
Tendai School which based itself primarily on the
Lotus Suutra did not belong to the exoteric schools
but to the esoteric. Nevertheless it was on a lower
level than the esoteric school which mainly used texts
like the Dari Jing and Jin'gangding jing because the
Lotus Suutra , despite talking about the "noumenal
secret" of relative and absolute truths being
identical and inseparable, did not mention the
"phenomenal secret" of the "three secrets" of
body, speech, and mind which were expounded by Buddha
Vairocana and are mentioned in the Dari jing and
Jin'gangding jing. Moreover, based on the concept of
Buddha nature inherent in every human being,
En-in further developed
¶278
the idea of " attaining Buddhahood in this very
body" one of the basic teachings of the esoteric
schools. According to him, any ordinary worldling was
in a position to quickly achieve Buddhahood in this
very life provided he practiced the "three secrets"
seriously.
En-nin also introduced Fazhao's wuhui nianfo to
Japan. This pure land practice which he had
learnt on Mt. Wutai exerted great impact on the rise
of pure land devotionalism at Mt. Hiei.
(The present paper was presented at the
"Academic Conference on the History and Teachings of
the T'ien-t'ai School" on December 16, 1995.)
Key words: 1. Esoteric Tendai 2. noumenal secret
3. phenomenal secret
4. the same in principle but different in
aspect
5. wuhui nianfo