Lesson 5

 


The declension of the masculine and neuter "i-stems":

 

agni- (m., fire)

Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. agnih agni agnayah
Acc. agnim agni agnin
Ins. agnina agnibhyam agnibhih
Dat. agnaye agnibhyam agnibhyah
Abl. agneh agnibhyam agnibhyah
Gen. agneh agnyoh agninam
Loc. agnau agnyoh agnisu
Voc. agne agni agnayah

 

vari- (n., water):

 

Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. vari varini varini
Acc. vari varini varini
Ins. varina varibhyam varibhih
Dat. varine varibhyam varibhyah
Abl. varinah varibhyam varibhyah
Gen. varinah varinoh varinam
Loc. varini varinoh varisu
Voc. vari varini varini


Negating prefix:

We can negate some substantive and adjective nouns by adding a prefix a- (in case the word begins with a consonant) or an- (if it begins with a vowel).

For example: sukha-, happines; asukha, unhappiness, sorrow; arya, noble; anarya, "un-noble".


Sandhi rules:

-h at the end of the word and following any other vowel then -a or -a is before voiced consonants and all vowels changed into -r (agnih atra -> agniratra, the fire is here; agnih dahati -> agnirdahati, fire burns). But if the following word begins with -r, final -h disappears and the vowel that precedes it is lengthened (kavibhih ramah gacchati -> kavibhi ramo gacchati, Rama goes with the poets). But this rule does not apply to the vowel -r (kavih rsim vadati -> kavirrsij vadati, poet tells to the seer).

-n is changed into -n if it is preceded by -s, -r or -r and if there is no palatal (c, ch, j, jh, b), retroflex (t, th, d, dh, n) or dental (t, th, d, dh, n) between them (so, nominative plural of vari is varini).

-r preceded by a vowel is often changed into -r (iti rsih -> itirsih). If the vowel is -i or -u it it can be changed into -y, -v and -r can be retained (iti rsih -> ityrsih).


Text (read and translate):

 

1. balau kuto rodatah |

2. sada deva jananmubcanti papat |

3. suktesu varuna eva varinah patih |

4. rsirduhkhatputraj raksati |

5. nrpo 'sinareh pani krntati |

6. kavayo harij wajsanti |

7. satyaj sada vadantirsayo na tvasatyam |

8. arayo jananaj dhanaj lumpanti |

9. jalaj gireh patati |

10. vrksa girau rohanti |

11. asinaiva nrpatirarerdehaj tudati |

12. kavayo 'dya kavyaniha pathanti |

13. rsyo putrau tatra marge tisthanti |

14. nrpatih kavibhyo danani yacchati |

15. rsibhi ramo vanesu vasati |

16. agninarinaj grhani nrpa dahanti |

17. harij ksirena yajatah |

18. daso balebhyo 'nnaj yacchati |

19. agnirnarasya hastaj dahati |

20. nrpatirarimasina jayati |


The exercise key


Translate to Sanskrit:

 

1. We live happily here in the mountains.

2. Fighters burn the houses and enemies' sons weep.

3. "You don't speak the truth", says the brahmin to the poet.

4. From sin there is always suffering, but from the Law [there is] happiness.

5. "O, poet, why don't you recite poetry?", asks the king.

6. Where people burn the forests, no elephants live.

7. "Enemies rob the houses here", weep the boys.

8. Even today people remember Rama.

9. Hari's horse is standing just here.


The exercise key


Vocabulary:

 

tud-, tudati (VI): to strike, to pierce

path-, pathati (I): to read, to recite

rud-, rodati (I): to weep

lup-, lumpati (VI): to steal, to rob

agni-, m.: fire

anna-, n.: food

ari-, m.: enemy

asatya-, n.: "un-truth", lie

asi-, m.: sword

rsi-, m.: seer

kavi-, m.: poet

kavya-, n.: poetry

giri-, m.: mountain

jana-, m.: person

dasa-, m.: servant, slave

deha-, mn.: body

dharma-, m.: law, righteousness, Law, Buddhism

nrpati-, m.: king, ruler

pati-, m.: Lord, master, husband

pani-, m.: hand, palm

papa-, n.: sin

varuna-, m.: (Vedic god) Varuna

vari-, n.: water

sukta-, n.: Vedic hymn

hari-, m.: personal name

api-, part. also, even, even though