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Women's Religious Expression in Tibetan Buddhism: Songs and Lives of the Jomo (nuns) of Kinnaur, Northwest India |
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| Author |
LaMacchia, Linda Jean (著)
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| Source |
Dissertation Abstracts International
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| Volume | v.62 n.7 Section A |
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| Date | 2001 |
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| Pages | 437 |
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| Publisher | ProQuest LLC |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.proquest.com/
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| Location | Ann Arbor, MI, US [安娜堡, 密西根州, 美國] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 英文=English |
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| Degree | doctor |
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| Institution | University of Wisconsin - Madison |
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| Advisor | Knipe, David M. |
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| Publication year | 2001 |
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| Note | 437p |
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| Keyword | Women religious; Religious expression; Tibetan Buddhism; Songs; Nuns; Kinnaur; India; Philosophy, religion and theology; Communication and the arts; Social sciences; Buddhism |
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| Abstract | Jomos are nuns, celibate women devoted to the practice of Buddhism; Kinnaur is a Himalayan tribal district on the Tibet border in Himachal Pradesh, India. This dissertation, a first study of Kinnauri jomos, draws on fifteen months of field research focused on the songs and self-narrated lives of these Indian women in the context of village Buddhism in Kinnaur. Buddhism is known for its ability to integrate local beliefs and traditions, and this ability is one of its greatest strengths. While Mumford (1989) and Ortner (1978) have studied the encounter between Buddhism and local traditions by focusing on lama-shaman relationships and rituals, this dissertation focuses on nuns' lives and oral traditions. It argues that jomos have been major agents of Buddhism's assimilation in Kinnaur. The jomos have accomplished this in two ways. First, they compose and/or sing songs in Kinnauri vernacular ( githang) and in Tibetan (mgurma) that present Buddhist narratives, history, and ideology in local formats, language, and contexts. For example, some of the jomos' songs represent indigenous “Hindu” village gods as supporters of Buddhist projects. Secondly, jomos have created (or inherited) lifestyles and identities that are liminal, neither fully lay nor fully renunciant; and their life stories reveal their struggles to balance these two sides: on the one hand, their need to work (for family, temple, or survival) and on the other hand, their devotional and intellectual ambitions to study and practice Buddhism. This dissertation argues that because or in spite of their ambiguous position, jomos are key figures in embodying and expressing the process by which Buddhism is reproduced and given meaning locally. Chapter 1 is an overview of jomos' lives; chapter 2 looks at ideal and actual gurus and disciples; chapter 3 compares the two song genres; and chapter 4 examines jomos' self-presentations in songs and stories and asks why jomos as a rule do not sing about jomos. |
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| Table of contents | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments iv
Note on Languages vii
Introduction 1
Kinnauri background 3
Geography
Ethnicity/caste
Language
Kinnauri women
Two religions
Origins of Buddhism in Kinnaur
Beginning the research 37
Research methods and materials 41
Thesis outline 57
Chapter 1
Jomos of Kinnaur 60
Who are the jomos of Kinnaur? 62
History of the jomos' lineage 69
Becoming a jomo 76
Living as a jomo 84
Religious work: Learning and practicing texts, prayers, and rituals 90
Jomos' song traditions 99
Case study: Jomos of Kanum village 106
Leaving Kanum
A Kanum nun's story
Chapter 2
Gurus and Disciples 122
Buddhist ideals and images of the guru 123
Gurus in nuns' songs
Actual (nun) gurus and disciples 144
Chandra Mani: The biography of a (nun) guru
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Song in Kinnauri Buddhism: Githang and Mgurma 172
Two genres 173
Githang 178
Song of Negi Rinpoche, version l
Song of Negi Rinpoche, version 2
Song of Lotsa Rinchen Zangbo, version l
Song of Lotsa Rinchen Zangbo, version 2
Song on Impermanence
Mgurma 208
Ga Rinpoche's mgurma
Lama Topgyal's (Ani Dolma's) mgurna
Sung-gur I
Chapter 4
Kinnauri Nuns' Self-Presentation in Song and Life Story 228
Self-presentation in nuns' songs 229
Songs about female renunciation
Songs in which appear female Buddhas, goddesses, and dakinis
Songs about the singer/composer's (male) guru (and the guru's mother)
Songs about temples, villages, miraculous events
Mgurma, songs composed by lamas and written down in Tibetan
Self-presentation in nuns' life stories 259
Suffering and hardship
Chos Nyid Zangmo's story
Upal Devi's story
Renunciation
Tenzin Dolma's story
Acquiring knowledge (and other achievements)
Chosem Dolma's story l
Chosem Dolma's story 2
Bogti's story
Self-presentation: Some conclusions 282
Postscript: Why don't nuns sing about nuns? 283
Chapter 5
Conclusions 288
Appendix 1
List of Jomos, lamas, and scholars 299
Appendix 2
Chos Nyid Zangmo interview 303
Appendix 3
Githang 315
Appendix 4
Mgurma 359
Appendix 5
The death of Negi Rinpoche: Tenzin Dolma's and Bogti's stories 372
Plates 394
Bibliography 407 |
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| Hits | 526 |
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| Created date | 2005.09.23 |
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| Modified date | 2024.05.29 |
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