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羅什及び玄奘三藏の譯した『般若心經』とその文化的影響=The Heart Sūtra as Translated by Kumārajīva and Hsüan-tsang and its Cultural Influences
Author 市村承秉 (著)=Ichimura, Shohei (au.)
Source 中華佛學學報=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal=Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
Volumen.18
Date2005.07.01
Pages327 - 362
Publisher中華佛學研究所=Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies
Publisher Url http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication_tw.php?id=12
Location新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language英文=English; 日文=Japanese
KeywordKumārajīva; Hsüan-tsang; prajñā and ?ūnyatā; Prajñā-hridaya-sūtra; Hannya-Shingyō; Saddarmampundarīka-sūtra; Avalokitasvara and Avalokite?vara
Abstract『般若心経』には、玄奘三蔵の訳の他、羅什三蔵による漢訳のあったことはあまり知られていない。二者の漢訳経典の内容は、その使用する語彙、構文、並びに表現において、驚く程、一致している。しかし、経典の説示者が観世音菩薩と観自在菩薩と異なった訳名が与えられているので、時代的には旧訳と新訳の相違が確定している。観音のカルト信仰は極東の諸国の仏教のみならず、一部ビェトナム仏教にも見られる程、汎文化的勢力とみられ、大乗仏教宗派の活動している地区には必ずや観音信仰が並存していたことがわかる。
この宗教運動は、般若経典の説く般若皆空の理念と『法華経第二十五章』で強張される菩薩の愛と慈悲の実践とが、一者に統合された宗教性を根拠としていると考えられるが、かって、当『中華佛学学報』(第十三期巻下)では、般若の理念と菩薩の慈悲の関係の考証を、“Buddha’s Love and Human Love”(「仏陀之愛与人類之愛」)の題名で発表していただいているから、この小論では、如何にして両者の宗教性が中国仏教徒を介して汎文化勢力となって行くかについて検討したい。即ち、仏教の空性の理念が、印度においては、ヒンドウー教的梵我の実在者の否定を介して出発しているが、この無我及び空への転換が中国の観音信仰に最も明白に観察されると考える。印度のヒンドウー教護教学者が空観を虚無論とまで批判したのに対して、何故中国では今日まで空観の理念と実効性が、宗教文化の根底に存続維持されてきたものであるか、その根拠の開明を、此の小論で追求してみたいのである。

In addition to Hsüan-tsang's well-known translation of the Heart Sutra, there is a
lesser known translation by Kumārajīva. There is a remarkably high degree of
similarity in terminology, sentence structure, and all aspects of expression in these
two translations. However, the name of the speaker varies in the two translations. In
Kumārajīva's, it is the bodhisattva Guanshiyin 觀世音, and in Xuanzang's, it is
Guanzizai 觀自在. The distinction between the "new" and "old" translations can be
affirmed through these two variant Chinese translations of this name. Guanyin cults
were not limited to East Asian Buddhism; they can even be found in Vietnamese
Buddhism. This can be seen as the influence of Han Chinese culture. Clearly, in areas
where Chinese Mahāyāna traditions were active, we can know that Guanyin cults
would also exist.
It can be thought that the religiosity-formed by the union of emptiness found in the
Prajñāpāramitā siitras with the realization of bodhisattva's love and compassion
emphasized in the twenty-fifth chapter of the Lotus Sūutra-serves as the foundation
[for the Guanyin cults]. My previous article, entitled "Buddha's Love and Human
Love" (published in issue no. 13 of this journal), provides evidence of the relationship
between the concept of prajfñā and the bodhisattva's compassion. Thus, in the present
article, I would like to explore how the religiosity found in these two concepts can
bring about the formation of a broad cultural influence in the context of Chinese
Buddhists. Namely, it is through the Buddhist concept of emptiness, which developed
from the negation of a Hinduistic inherently existing Self. This transition from nonself
to emptiness generally considered to be most
visible in Chinese Guanyin cults. Regarding apologetic scholars of Hinduism who go
so far as to criticize the teaching of emptiness as nihilistic, the question may be asked,
why is it that in China the teaching and implementation of emptiness can be found at
the most basic level of religious culture, uninterrupted from ancient times to the
present? In this article, I attempt to seek an authoritative elucidation.
Table of contents一、序
二、総合的な諸般若経典中における『般若心経』
三、『般若心経』と観音菩薩との連結
四、玄奘並びに羅什による『般若心経』の両訳の比較並立
五、玄奘と羅什の『心経』における「明呪」と「神呪」
六、般若波羅蜜多の理念と観音菩薩の女性的表象との連結
七、『般若心経』に具現される調和原理
八、結論
ISSN10177132 (P)
Hits4175
Created date2006.12.07
Modified date2017.06.20



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