東晉道安思想析論

劉貴傑

Author

劉貴傑

Source

中華佛學學報=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal=Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies

Volume

n.4

Date

1991.07

Pages

235 - 285

Publisher

中華佛學研究所=Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies

Publisher Url

http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication_tw.php?id=12

Location

新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan]

Content type

期刊論文=Journal Article

Language

中文=Chinese; 英文=English

Keyword

東晉; 道安; 佛教思想

Abstract

道安為東晉高僧，著名佛教學者，十二歲出家，因形貌黑醜，未被重視，令作農務. 然本性聰敏，博學強記，數年後，其師改變態度，令受具足戒，並准其出外參學. 年約二十餘歲，於後趙鄴都得佛圖澄嫡傳，故經常代澄講說，並解答疑難問題，故有「漆道人，驚四鄰」之譽.

道安窮覽經典，鉤深致遠，所注《般若》,《道行》，《密迹》,《安般》諸經，序致淵富，妙盡深旨. 後在襄陽，長安等地傳布佛法，主倡「本無」之學，衍為般若學六家七宗之本無宗. 因其生當玄學與佛學互融時，故每藉老莊詞語，論述佛經之要旨，而有言曰：「損之又損，以至於無為」，「與進度齊軫，逍遙俱遊」. 道安謂「先舊格義，於理多違」，「弘贊理教，宜令允愜」，然亦援外書以明內典，未能擺脫格義之窠臼，其思想深受玄學之影響.

道安認為「禪」係斷惑之正要，「定」乃伏結之初門，「止」為禪定之勝因，「觀」乃智慧之由籍，所言「執寂以御有，崇本以動末」，實為禪觀之要路. 道安之「執寂御有」意即王弼之「崇本息末」，「執寂」正是「本無」之意，就王弼而論，「本無」實即「以無為本」. 道安亦藉何晏之易理以解釋其禪觀，復以禪觀闡明何晏所欲達乎之玄學境界，進而擴展其玄學之領域，故道安之禪觀係受王弼，何晏之玄學觀點所影響. 道安思想係由禪觀之學以入般若之境，首以「執寂御有」之「本無」概念詮釋「安般守意」之禪觀，復藉「以無為本」之「本無」觀念說明般若性空之義理.

道安初期之禪觀在否定「末」「有」，而復歸「本」「無」，其般若思想，則以「一」或「如」為本體，而消解「本」與「末」，「有」與「無」之對立，視「真如」為「本末等爾」，視「法身」為「有無均淨」; 真如，法身實即超越對立之「一」或「如」，此「一」或「如」乃指「綿綿常存」之本體. 此種見解，就理論而言，可謂源自《莊子齊物論》之思想. 道安復認為「等(觀)」，「不二入(觀)」可與「一」或「如」冥合，並視之為對立概念 (本與末; 有與無) 「兩忘」「雙亡」之觀法. 因此，「安般守意」之禪觀乃與「空有一如」之般若互相泯合，圓融無礙也.

道安深知《增一阿含經》錄有戒律，以為繩墨，旨在警示參學者淬勵心志，檢束行為. 道安認為修持有其次第，無論在家出家，莫不以戒為始，乃可奠基. 戒律實為三學之本，守戒始能得定，得定方可發慧. 佛教僧團首重戒律，犯戒必遭彈劾，此係因「須臾不矜不莊，則傷戒之心入矣」，破戒之心已萌，而欲免入惡道，未之有也. 故道安乃言「寧持戒而死，不犯戒而生」，此種潔身自愛，篤守戒律之行持，與寧為玉碎不為瓦全之精神，足為後世修行者之楷模. 道安復注重佛典之翻譯，且謂翻譯佛經有五失本，三不易之困難，此皆為其經驗之談，後世譯經，多所依.

道安特重戒，定，慧三學，認為三學乃「至道之由戶，泥洹之關要也」，並總結漢代以來流行中土之禪觀與般若二系之學說，且組織僧徒，制定戒規，以釋為姓，整理佛典，主持譯經，編纂經錄，對中國佛教之奠基與發展，均有卓越之貢獻，誠佛門之龍象也，於中國佛教史上實有崇高之地位. 本文依次析論其方外思想，佛學思想，禪觀思想，般若思想，戒律思想，譯經思想，以顯其在初期中國佛教思想之勝義.

Tao-an was a prominent monk and famous Buddhist scholar of Eastern Tsin Dynasty，China. He was
ordained as a samanera at the age of twelve. Because of his ugly appearance，he received no special
attention and was ordered to do farming chores. However，his cleverness, intelligence，wide
knowledge and good memory won his teacher's appreciation several years later. His master changed
mind and ordered him to receive full ordination precepts and permitted him to leave the temple to
visit and learn with other masters. When he was just over 20 years old，he had gained the complete
knowledge of Master Fo Tu-chen at the capital Yeh of the Later Chao State. Henceforth, he always
represented Fo-Tu-chen to expose on `sutras` and answer questions. Thus, he won the reputation of "Black dharma practitioner startling the surrounding neighbors."

Tao-an had a deep understanding of Buddhist `sutras`. His annotations on the Prajna `sutra` , the `sutra` of the Practice of the Way，the `sutra` of the Estoric Trace，the Anapanasati `sutra`，etc.
were ingreat details and profound. Later，he expounded Buddha dharma in Hsiang-yang，Chang-an and
other places to promote the doctrine of "root being nothing" which evolved to become the School of Root
Being Nothing，one of the Six Branches and Seven Schools of Prajna Doctrine. He lived in the time of
Buddhism being integrated with Chinese traditional metaphysics. Therefore，he always used the
terminology of Lao-tze and Chuang-tze to interpret the essentials of Buddhist `sutras`. For example，he
once mentioned，"Reduce and reduce again until the ultimate of non-action." (Preface to the Annotation
on the Anapanasati `sutra`) and "Keep abreast with the degree of advancement. Tourevery where with a
freed mind." (Preface to the `sutra` of the Practice of the Way.) He once said，"Using the Chinese
thoughts to interpret Buddhism always defies the true meaning of Buddhism." and "One should be
careful in interpreting the Buddha dharma." However, he still referred to non-Buddhist books to interpret
Buddha dharma. He still could not avoid the trap of applying the Chinese traditional thoughts to
interpret Buddha dharma. From this we may understand that his thoughts were greatly influenced by the Chinese metaphysics.

Tao-an considered that ch'an (dhyna) is the right essence of stopping ignorance，ting (samadhi) is the initial door of subduing mental defilements, zih (stillness) is the marvellous cause of ch'an ting，and，kuang (insig

ISSN

10177132 (P)

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