北宋時期兩浙的彌陀信仰=The Amitabha Faith in the Two-Che Area druing the Northern Sung

黃啟江 (著)=Huang, Chi-chiang (au.)

Author

黃啟江 (著)=Huang, Chi-chiang (au.)

Source

故宮學術季刊=The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly

Volume

v.14 n.1 秋季號

Date

1996.09

Pages

1 - 38

Publisher

國立故宮博物院

Publisher Url

https://www.npm.gov.tw/

Location

臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]

Content type

期刊論文=Journal Article

Language

中文=Chinese

Keyword

阿彌陀佛=A-mi-t'o fo; 彌陀信仰=Amitabhn faith; 多樣性=Diversity; 神秘經驗=Mystical experience; 念佛=Nien-fo; 權教=Provisional teaching; 淨土=Pure land; 小乘=Small vehicle; 天臺淨土十疑論=T'ien-t'ai ching'-t'u shih-i-lun; 唯心淨土，自性彌陀=Wei-hsin ching-t'u tzu-hsing mi-t'o; 幻觀=Vision

Abstract

本文分六部分，引言首揭彌陀信仰之重要性及本文要旨。指出彌陀信仰入宋之後形成佛教之主流信仰，係因兩浙地區僧俗集體合作努力，從理論、實踐上鼓吹彌陀信仰，而使其廣泛流傳之故。其次述宋以前彌陀信仰之大略，說明當時彌陀信仰者分散於山西、浙江少數城市，實踐信仰方式亦因人因地而有不同：或鑄像，或念經，或衹稱念佛名，各有所重。至宋方漸一致化。第三部分詳論宋代彌陀信仰方式。首先表列兩浙地區從事淨業之名僧及其影響，其次說明此輩僧侶集體、積極且更有系統提倡「西方觀」之作法，指出名僧如天台知禮（九六０～一０二八）、慈雲遵式（九六七～一０三二）及其弟子，並淨土、禪、律各宗僧侶，多提倡彌陀淨土。第四部分討論士大夫參與淨土結社，協助提倡彌陀信仰之狀況，詳述杭州、明州、台州等地之名宦如王欽若（九六二～一０二五）、胡宿（九九六～一０六七）、章得象（九七八～一０四八）、沈遘、趙抃、晁說之（一０五九～一一二九）、陳瓘（一０五七～一一二二）等人，對彌陀信仰之貢獻。第五部分討論宋代彌陀信仰之理論，指出智者（天台淨土十疑論）、及東晉慧能遠結蓮社的影響。宋代淨土論者，不論僧俗，都大力鼓吹「唯心淨土、自性彌陀」之說，反對儒家、禪徒貶其為小乘、權教。結論部分說明北宋晚期居士多結社普勸淨業，領導彌陀信仰，加上禪僧如歇清了（一０九０～一一五一）等亦為之鼓吹，使彌陀淨土信仰流傳至南宋而不衰。

The Amitabha faith, or the worship of A-mi-t'o fo, is a vital element in Chinese Buddhism. Most Buddhist schools, especially the pure Land and the T'ien-t'ai Buddhism, promoted the worship of the Buddha Amitabha. It appealed to both the elite and lay Buddhists from the Eastern Chin to the T'ang and became very popular with a wider group of people during the Sung. The growth of its popularity in pre-Sung time seems obvious: Pure Land masters such as Tao-chu (526-645) and Shan-tao (613-681) and T'ien-t'ai patriarchs such as Chih-i (538-597) had laid the groundwork. Its evolution into a main-stream religious faith in the Sung, however, has received little attention. This article examines the growth of the Amitabha faith in the Sung. It argues that, from the outset of the Sung, the monks and the elite in the Two-Che area made a collective and conscious effort to promote this faith. They did so vigorously in both theory and practice, helping expand the scale and magnitude of its influences. The article consists of five sections in addition to the introduction out-lined above. The second section begings with a survey of the Amitabha faith before the Sung. Evidences of pre-Sung worship indicate that the clerics, patrons, and devotees practicing this faith were scattered about a few cities in the present-day Shansi and Chekiang. Their practice varied according to place and the individual involved, with some focusing on the worship and making of images and others concentrating on the wor recitation of the Amitabha sutra or Amitabha's name, especially when death approached. The lack or uniformity in practice may have been a result of varied cultural traditions in different locales, which was coupled with the not-too-well developed soteriolongical system of the faith. Regardless, this section tries to link the ramifications of the faith to show a more composite form of practice, which was to appear in the Sung. The third section of this article discusses in detail the Amitabha faith in the Sung. It tabulates a score of Buddhist masters, largely from the T'ien-t'ai School in the Two-Che area, and delineates their practices and the scale of their influences. It calls attention to the collective and conscious effort they made to promote the faith. It also shows that the majority of these masters followed a new and more coherent pattern of practice. In the early Sung, T'ien-t'ai monks, suchas Chih-li (960-1028) , Tsun-shih (964-1032), their disciples, and Pure Land monks were among the most active practitioners of the faity. As times went on, some Ch'an and Vinaya (Lu) monks followed suit. However, toward the end of Northern Sung, T'ien-t'ai monks, as represented by Chung-li (1014-1146) and his disciples, played the leading role in enhancing and spreading the faith. The fourth section of this article takes into account the elite involvement in the Buddhist communities and treats it as an important factor that facilitated the popularization of the Amitabha faith. It identifies Sung scholar officials who wittingly or unwittingly promoted the faith. It outlines how their official functions in the Two-Che areas helped the clergy to further spread the faith. Noted elites were mostly the prefects of Hangchou, Mingchou, and T'aichou. Outstanding examples were Wang Ch'in-jo (962-1025), Hu Su (996-1067), Chang Te-hsiang, (978-1048), Shen Kou, Chao Pien, Ch'ao Yueh-chih (

Table of contents

一、引言 2
二、宋以前的彌陀信仰 2
三、宋代的彌陀信仰 8
四、北宋士大夫與彌陀信仰 18
五、宋代彌陀信仰的理論 20
六、結論 36

ISSN

10119094 (P)

	Search Criteria	Browse