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民國四、五年間冊封外蒙古活佛與中俄蒙交涉之研究=A Study on the Designation of the Outer Mongolian Living Buddha and the Sino-Russian-Mongolian Negotiations (1915-1916) |
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| Author |
張啟雄 (著)=Chang, Chi-hsiung (au.)
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| Date | 1996.01 |
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| Pages | 51 |
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| Publisher | 行政院國家科學委員會 |
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| Location | 臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 其他=Others |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 執行機構：中央研究院近代史研究所，計畫編號：NSC84-2411-H001-007，研究期間：83年08月 ~ 84年07月 |
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| Keyword | 宗教性冊封體制=Religious Designatory System; 外蒙古=Outer Mongolia; 主權=Sovereignty; 宗主權=Suzerainty; 國際法=International Law |
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| Abstract | 恰克圖會議的結果，中俄蒙三方面於1915年6月7日簽定了中俄蒙協約。根據中俄蒙協約的規定，外蒙活佛的博克多哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖汗名號，受中華民國大總統的冊封。可是，中國政府要派員到庫倫冊封哲佛時，卻遭俄蒙聯合阻撓。該約既然是經中俄蒙三方所共同磋商，同意並簽字者，俄國為什麼要阻撓，外蒙為什麼要拒絕中國的冊封哲佛?陳籙如何去發現問題，透過交涉，達成使命等三事，是本文的關心所在。
冊封哲佛的難題，有人認為是出在外蒙不願由獨立降為不獨立的國格顧慮。不過，個人不認為這是主因素。根據陳籙的調查，發現俄國阻撓的理由，在怕中國無視於恰克圖會議後的外蒙自治新情勢，一旦在外蒙恢復前清舊制，必損及俄國在蒙既得權益。事實上，外蒙因不是獨立國家，國格的顧慮較少。因此，陳籙在交涉時，強調是站在外蒙新情勢下的冊封，以解除俄國的疑懼。至於，外蒙反對之因，一方面是因它淪為俄國保護，受制於俄較深，不得屈從俄國的指示；另方面則是根據情報顯示，外蒙反對冊封的隱情，在哲佛因兩眼失明，雙腿失靈，無法應付繁複的冊封禮節所致。不過，這是可以用簡化冊封禮儀來改善的技術問題，反而是俄方的阻撓才是真正造成冊封難局的主原因。中國政府乃一面向俄解釋，一面對蒙簡化冊封禮儀，俄國遂不再阻撓冊封，外蒙也不再拒封，冊封難題遂迎刃而解。
1916年7月8日，陳籙以冊封專使名義在庫倫大岡登寺(Gandan Keid)代表大總統冊封哲佛為外蒙古博克多哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖汗。封貢體制在歷史傳承的影響下，中國與外蒙間，透過大總統冊封黃教領袖哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖汗的儀式，民國政府繼承了封建時代的遺產，為斷絕已久的中蒙宗屬關係重新繫上掛釣，為重建不絕如縷的新關係踏出第一步!
As a result of Khiakhta Conference，the tripartite involved, China, Russia and Outer Mongolia concluded and signed Sino-Russian-Mongolian Agreement on June 7, 1915. According to the provisions of the above Agreement, the investiture of the living Buddha of Outer Mongolia upon Bogda Jebtsun Damba Khutukhtu Khan, should be conferred by the president of the Republic of China. However, while a senior official was dispatched by Chinese government to Urga to confer investiture upon the living Buddha, he was deterred by Russia and Mongolia jointly. As the Agreement had been consulted between, consented to and signed by the tripartite concerned, why then did Russia obstruct it? And Mongolia rejects to have the investiture of the living Buddha to be conferred upon by the Chinese Government? The present thesis is about how the special envoy of the Chinese government, Chen Lu, discovered the essence of the problem and full filled his successful mission through negotiation.
Some comments hint that the difficulty of the problem about the conferring of investiture upon the living Buddha resulted from a Mongolian reluctance to degrade from an independent state to that of a dependent one. For the present author that was not the main factor in the problem. According to the findings of the investigation carried out by Chen Lu, it was discovered that the real cause of the obstruction of Russia was the fear that China might ignore the new situation of the autonomy of Outer Mongolia after Khiakhta Conference: once the old system of the Ch'ing Dynasty recovered in the detached territory, it would cause losses of the vested privileges and interests of Russia there. As a matter of fact, while Outer Mongolia was not an independent country yet then, her people were not much concerned about the qualification of their political entity. Under such circumstances Chen stressed in negotiation the conferring of investiture upon the living Buddha in the new situation of Outer Mongolia was to relieve the doubt of Russia. As for Outer Mongolia's rejection to receive the investiture, the reason was twofold. One was that the territory was protected and controlled by Russia on the one hand，and on the other hand，as information shows, the hidden feeling of Outer Mongolians was that the living Buddha himself was completely blind and both his legs were crippled, so he was impossible to deal with the complicated ceremony for the investiture. However, this latter cause for concern was but a technical problem, which could be improved by simplifying the process of the ceremony, and it is thus clear that the Russian obstruction formed the real difficulty of the problem. So when the Chinese government successfully cleared up the doubt of Russia and simplified the ceremony for conferring investiture, Russia did not obstruct it any longer, and Outer Mongolia stopped also the refusal to receive the investiture. The problem was thus solved with an unexpected ease.
On July 8, 1916, in the name of special envoy, Chen Lu represented the President of the Republic of China to confer upon the living Buddha the investiture as the Outer Mongolian Bogda Jebtsun Damba Khutukhtu Khan in Gandon Keid, Urga. Under the influence of historical tradition to maintain the system to conf |
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| Created date | 2000.12.07
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| Modified date | 2020.11.24 |
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