榆林25窟一佛八菩薩圖研究=A Study of the Iconography of One Buddha with Eight Bodhisattvas in Cave Number 25 at Yulin

陳粟裕

Author

陳粟裕

Source

故宮博物院院刊=Palace Museum Journal

Volume

n.5

Date

2009

Pages

56 - 82

Publisher

紫禁城出版社

Publisher Url

http://www.culturefc.cn/index/product.jhtml?act=index

Location

北京, 中國 [Beijing, China]

Content type

期刊論文=Journal Article

Language

中文=Chinese

Keyword

榆林25窟=Cave Number 25 at Yulin; 一佛八菩薩圖=iconography of One Buddha with Eight Bodhisattvas; 八大菩薩曼荼羅經=Mandala Sutra of the Eight Bodhisattvas; 吐蕃=Tubo(Tibet); 益西央=Yixiying

Abstract

在吐蕃統治敦煌時期所開鑿的洞窟中,榆林25窟是相對較特殊的一個,窟內南北兩壁的觀無量壽經變與彌勒經變延續了盛唐洞窟中經變畫的構圖、風格,而正壁殘存的一佛八菩薩圖在造像樣式上與窟內其他圖像則有一定的差別。從正壁殘存的主尊、菩薩名號題記中可以發現,唐代不空譯《八大菩薩曼荼羅經》能夠與之相對應,但是該經對八大菩薩身形的描述與榆林25窟的圖像有一定差別。此圖像與藏經洞中的部分絹畫具有類似的風格特征,其中一部分有藏文題記,表明它們與居住在敦煌的吐蕃信眾有密切的關系,而藏經洞中發現的藏文抄寫的《八大菩薩曼拏羅經》可以證明此地的吐蕃信眾確實信奉這一經典。一佛八菩薩的圖像在吐蕃本土拉薩及青海地區屢有發現,其中西藏昌都與青海玉樹的兩處摩崖石刻由高僧益西央開鑿,年代均在九世紀初,這些遺跡說明一佛八菩薩圖像在吐蕃本土的流傳情況。在這幾處圖像與榆林25窟的一佛八菩薩的比較中可以發現,吐蕃流行的八大菩薩圖樣并不十分固定,但其構圖和風格是基本接近的,而榆林25窟所采用的圖像可能來源于吐蕃地區。

Yulin Cave Number 25 was unique among the caves constructed in the Dunhuang system during the period of Tubo(Tibetan) rule in that there is a distinct difference between the composition and style of the sutra illustrations(jingbianhua),Guanwuliangshou jingbian and Mile jingbian(Maitreya sutra illustrations),on the southern and northern walls of the wall which perpetuate High Tang traditions and the only remaining single Buddha and eight Bodhisattvas on the main wall of the cave.From the inscriptions on this single Buddha and eight Bodhisattvas,we discover when we compare it to the Tang Dynasty translation by Amoghavajra(Bukong) of the Mandala Sutra of the Eight Bodhisattvas that there are differences in the descriptions of the Bodhisattvas in that text with the eight Bodhisattvas depicted in Cave Number 25 at Yulin.However,the cave images do resemble stylistic features of the images shown on silk paintings recovered from the Sutra Cave at Dunhuang,some of which bear Tibetan inscriptions,showing that the Bodhisattvas were intimately connected with the beliefs of Tibetan residents of Dunhuang.The handwritten Tibetan version of Mandala Sutra of the Eight Bodhisattvas found in the Sutra Cave demonstrates that this text formed the basis of local Tibetan beliefs.Images of the One Buddha with Eight Bodhisattvas have been found in Lhasa and Qinghai,of which the cliff carvings in Changdu in central Tibet and at Yushu in Qinghai were carved by the eminent monk Yixiying in the early 9th century,demonstrating the spread of these beliefs throughout Tibetan areas.Comparing these other images and those in Cave Number 25 at Yulin we discover that the images of these popular deities were not fixed,but their composition and style was similar,and the images of these deities used in Cave Number 25 at Yulin probably originated in Tibetan areas.

Table of contents

一、土蕃統治敦煌的時代背景及榆林25窟的基本概況 56
二、一佛八菩薩圖像的相關典籍 60
三、一佛八菩薩圖像的樣式來源 65
四、土蕃本土的一佛八菩薩圖像與信仰 73
五、結語 82

ISSN

04527402 (P); 04527402 (E)

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