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「以管窺天」到「洞見自身實相」──《大念處經》宗教修行之現象學研究 =From Doctrinal View to Insight into the Reality of Body and Mind---A Phenomenological Study in the Religious Experience of "Mahaa Satipaṭṭhhaana Sutta"
Author 釋秀定
Date2013
Pages77
Publisher慈濟大學宗教與人文研究所
Publisher Url http://www.religion.tcu.edu.tw/
Location花蓮市, 臺灣 [Hualien shih, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution慈濟大學
Department宗教與人文研究所
Advisor林安梧,李維倫
Publication year101
Keyword正念=mindfulness; 大念處經=Mahaa Satipaṭṭhaana Sutta; 時間=time; 現象學=phenomenology; 宗教修行=religious practices
Abstract美國心理學界爭先研究「正念療法」,台灣也正步上其後塵。
其實,「正念」不是美國人發明,「正念」的修行方法記載於本論文要研究的《大念處經》中,是佛教稱為「念住」的宗教修行,一種幫助修行人知道苦以及如何滅苦的方法。
目前研究《大念處經》的方法多以經論解經的文獻比對為主,少有經驗研究的;即便是搜集經驗所作的研究,也多屬於心理學式的實證研究,強調修行的有效性。這些研究各有其貢獻,但是無法回答本研究之提問「正念到底是如何發生的」。
本研究的思考是先調整研究視角,暫時擱置教理教義,返回修行者本身的經驗,貼近修行者的經驗,讓經驗本身說話。再從佛陀只談當下的緣起時間觀以及現象學還原經驗本質,這兩個切入點來檢視本研究所搜集的修行者經驗。接著透過經驗的分析結果,獲得「正念到底是如何發生的」解答。最後透過對修行經驗的研究,檢視只有文字意義的教理教義以及修行方法是否透過修行經驗的照亮,獲得充實。
總而言之,修行者透過直接觀察自我的練習,區別「念」、「念頭」、「自我以及時間的認知」等三個現象的差異。首先,念和念頭是屬於心的部份,會出現「念頭-念-念住-覺知-正念」的改變。其次,修行者對自我以及時間的認知會改變。對時間的認知,是離開時鐘時間(線性因果時間),進入兩層的經驗時間,經驗生發的時間以及經驗的流轉時間。對自我的認知,則是透過體驗到自我是一個個身、受、心、法所組合的變動之流。在這樣的情況下,修行者會體驗到無常、苦以及無我。當正念與八正道一起運作,修行者才步上佛教去苦的正道。

In the past few decades, "mindfulness therapy" and its related research have become popular in the United States. In recent years, it has also become a popular research trend in Taiwan.
"Mindfulness," in fact, is not an invention of American psychologists. It is one form of Buddhist practice described in "Mahaa Satipaṭṭhaana Sutta.” In this Buddhist text, mindfullness, is called "Sati (Paali)," and is defined as a method utilized to help practitioners become aware of the nature of suffering and in so doing approach the cessation of suffering.
Currently, the body of research literature about "Mahaa Satipaṭṭhaana Sutta" consists mostly of literature comparisons of personal understanding about the sutta or the Buddhist doctrines mentioned in the sutta. Articles that qualify as empirical research are mostly in the form of laboratory based psychological research which focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the practice. These empirical research definitely contribute to our understanding of the curative effect; however, they are less helpful if one is interested in “how” the experience of mindfulness is derived.
This study tries to address the question regarding “how” mindfulness experience. It divided into four steps. First, inspired by methods of phenomenological investigation, it temporarily suspends the doctrine of Buddhist teaching on related issues and emphasizes the documentation of the practitioner's experience. Second, from two distinct approaches one focusing on the data of practitioner’s experience: “the present moment” and “by the description of the experience, let the experience speak itself ” Third, it addresses the question regarding “how” mindfulness experience perceived by way of the result of its analysis. Finally, it returns to the texts of Buddhist doctrine on mindfulness and examines if they are enriched by the illumination of the empirical and phenomenological exploration of practitioner’s experience.
In conclusion, through the practice of direct observation of the self, the practitioners can distinguish between sati, thoughts, and the perception of self and time. The sati and thoughts is a changing progress of mind. The process transition from thoughts, sati, satipaṭṭhaana, then become samma-sati. Through the process, the practitioners realize the truth of impermanent, suffering and non-self. In daily life, only the samma-sati coheres with the Buddhist teaching of Eightfold Path, and at this point, the practitioners are approaching the cessation of suffering.
Table of contents中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
目次 III
表目次 IV
圖目次 IV
第一章 緒論1
一、研究動機 3
二、問題意識 5
第二章 文獻回顧 11
一、過去學術研究的特徵 11
二、佛教禪師對正念的說法及教法 16
三、《大念處經》四念住修行方法 18
四、佛陀不討論過去與未來時間 21
五、現象學的理論 24
六、本研究的視角 28
第三章 研究方法 30
一、研究參與者 30
二、研究工具──現象學研究 31
第四章 研究分析與結果 33
一、直接去經驗 33
二、「經驗流」的觀察與體驗 34
1、「修進去」與「修不進去」間的擺盪 35
2、「念頭」與「覺知念頭」 37
3、一個一個的目標 39
三、「觀察差異」與「體驗差異」兩者間的關係──交織與分開 42
1、檢視連結 43
2、舊連結-新連結-不連結 45
四、念住只是八正道的起手勢 49
1、保持平靜與保持覺知 49
2、培育覺知作為扮演接收者與傳播者的守門員 51
3、先學會如何行駛危險工具-自己,再關切自己與他人之苦難 54
第五章 研究結論與討論 59
一、研究結論 59
1、念住經驗、緣起時間觀以及解脫 59
2、佛學與現象學的相互照應 59
3、佛教與他教、哲學、心理學研究的分界 63
4、正念如何發生 65
二、討論 68
參考文獻 72
表目次
表1 身、受、心及法共同觀法分類表 19
表2 Nam-In Lee還原理論 32
圖目次
圖一a 學界研究情況 10
圖一b 本研究的取向 10
圖二 柏格森圓錐圖式 26
圖三 柏格森圓蜆殼圖式 27
圖四 胡塞爾內時間意識圖 27
圖五 十二支緣起時間順序 61
圖六 反思十二支緣起順序 62
圖七 初學者修行念住的情況 66
圖八 修行中期的情況 67
圖九 修行後期的情況 68
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Created date2016.08.23
Modified date2016.08.23



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