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智顗的一佛乘止觀思想=The Theory of Meditation of Zhiyi under His Idea of One Buddha Vehicle
Author 蕭嘉宏 (著)=Hsiao, Chia-hung (au.)
Date2020
Pages170
Publisher國立政治大學
Publisher Url https://www.nccu.edu.tw/
Location臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreedoctor
Institution國立政治大學
Department哲學系
Advisor耿晴
Publication year108
Keyword天台宗=Tiantai School; 智顗=Zhiyi; 一佛乘止觀思想=The Theory of Meditation of One Buddha Vehicle; 界=Realms; 救度學=The Theory of Deliverance; 修道論=The Theory and Method of Practice
Abstract從智顗講說天台三大部開始,在其著作之中便充溢著《法華經》的一佛乘思想;其內有從教理闡釋為面向而解說一佛乘思想的內容,同時也有由止觀方法為面向以詮說一佛乘思想的部分。只是在其止觀方法詮說的部分,亦即有關智顗的一佛乘止觀思想的章文,並沒有如同其從教理闡釋而解說一佛乘思想的內容,一樣地受到古今學者們的重視;然而此中方為智顗止觀思想的發軔之處,卻是未能得見專門論述此一議題的研究著作。

在智顗的一佛乘止觀思想之中,其旨要在以止觀實踐為方式,而讓聲聞、緣覺以及菩薩之三乘,會歸於一佛乘;或者須將藏教、通教以及別教之三教,導歸至圓教。然而如此則需要面對並解決以上四乘或者四教之中,有關界的各種隔歷問題;於是便須從智顗在一佛乘止觀思想中,所建立的救度學與修道論裡,尋求具體的解決方案。

對於聲聞、緣覺以及藏教菩薩的救度問題,智顗主要是在一佛乘教義的論述之中提出解答。而對於一佛乘止觀思想之中的救度學,智顗則提供兩個主要的救度方法:一、解決通教行者於三界內外的隔歷問題,而將通教行者救度至別教以至圓教之中,如此而完成一佛乘;二、解決通教與別教行者於三諦偏圓的隔歷問題,以將此兩教行者救度至圓教之中,如是而成為一佛乘。智顗一佛乘止觀思想之中的修道論,又分為開權止觀的修道論與顯實止觀的修道論。開權止觀的修道論,乃是在一佛乘止觀思想救度學的救度架構之下,藉由投合藏、通、別三教根性的權宜止觀,而逐步地讓此三教行者會歸至圓教的一佛乘止觀之中。顯實止觀的修道論,則是圓教行者運用一心三觀而斷惑證智的止觀歷程。

Since Zhiyi talked about the‘Three Great Works of Tiantai’, his works overflows with the idea of‘One Buddha Vehicle’from“Lotus Sutra”; These include the expound of the theory to explain the idea of ‘One Buddha Vehicle’ simultaneously includes the method of meditative ‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’ to explain the idea of ‘One Buddha Vehicle’. Although, in the section of meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’which is regarding the idea of‘One Buddha Vehicle’does not like what he was expounding the theory of the idea of‘One Buddha Vehicle’, it is still highly valued by the scholars in the past and present; However, this should be the beginning of the idea of meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’ by Zhiyi, we could not find any research works specifically discussing this particular topic.

In the idea of‘One Buddha Vehicle’by Zhiyi, its purpose is to use meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’ to amalgamate Śravakayana, Pratyekabuddhas and Bodhisattva the three vehicles of Buddhism into‘One Buddha Vehicle’; Or to lead and integrate the three other teaching namely, Tripitaka Teaching, Common Teaching and Distinct Teaching into the Perfect teaching. Nevertheless, in order to resolve the issues of varies Separations of Realms existed in the above Four Vehicles or Teachings, one has to find the actual solution from deliverance, theories and methods of practices within the idea of ‘One Buddha Vehicle’ established by Zhiyi.

Regarding the issue of deliverance of Śravakayana, Pratyekabuddhas and Bodhisattva of Tripitaka Teaching, Zhiyi provided solutions based on the discourse of the idea of 'One Buddha Vehicle'. As for the theory of deliverance within the meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’ of the idea of 'One Buddha Vehicle', Zhiyi provided two main methods of Deliverance: to deliver the practitioners of Common Teaching to the Distinct Teaching and ultimately to the Perfect Teaching , in order to resolve the issue of Separations inside and outside of the Three Realms encountered by them, to deliver the practitioners of Common Teaching and Distinct Teaching to the Perfect Teaching, in order to resolve the issue of Separation within the Three Truth leaned towards the Perfect teaching encounter by them, hence becomes ‘One Buddha Vehicle’. The theory of practice within the idea of meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’in‘One Buddha Vehicle’can be divided into the theory and method of‘Expedient Calming and Contemplation’and the theory and method of‘Manifestation Ultimate Truth’. The theory and method of ‘Expedient Calming and Contemplation’is to base on the structure of deliverance meditative‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’in the idea of‘One Buddha Vehicle’and according to the faculties of the Tripitaka teaching, Common teaching and Distinct teaching to gradually integrate the Three Teachings practitioners into the Perfect teaching of ‘One Buddha Vehicle’. Whereas, the theory and method of ‘Manifestation Ultimate Truth’ is for the Perfect Teaching practitioners to use the “Threefold Contemplations of One Mind’ the meditative ‘śamatha-vipaśyanā’ process to extinct the defilement in order to achieve the ultimate wisdom.
Table of contents謝 辭 i
摘 要 ii
目 次 v

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究考察 2
一、一佛乘止觀思想 2
(一)古代學者的著作 6
(二)現代學者的著作 8
(三)學位論文 10
二、救度學與修道論 10
(一)救度學的部分 11
(二)修道論的部分 17
三、界的定義 21
(一)從心念定義界 21
(二)從界域定義界 25
(三)從惑智定義界 27
第三節 研究方法 30
一、文獻學方法 31
(一)作者的確定性 31
(二)講述的時期 32
(三)著作的屬性 32
二、哲學方法 33

第二章 思想背景與相關議題 35
第一節 智顗一佛乘止觀思想的背景 35
一、智顗的生平背景 35
(一)生平的六個時期 35
(二)證悟法華圓頓一實中道之前 36
(三)證悟法華圓頓一實中道之後 39
二、智顗的一佛乘思想 43
(一)一佛乘思想的兩個主要問題 43
(二)開權顯實 50
第二節 智顗一佛乘止觀思想的相關議題 55
一、實相論 55
(一)一念三千 56
(二)三諦圓融 58
(三)絕待的法界 59
二、不斷斷 60
(一)不斷斷的相關議題 61
(二)不斷斷與一佛乘止觀思想 65

第三章 智顗對界的定義 68
第一節 心念的角度 68
一、觀陰入界境 68
(一)何謂陰入界境 68
(二)置色觀心 75
二、十法界的不同心念 77
(一)心念與相應的法界 77
(二)四教行者的心念特質 79
第二節 界域的角度 81
一、思議境 81
二、不可思議境 83
(一)十法界 84
(二)三世間 86
(三)十如是 89
(四)一念三千 95
第三節 惑智的角度 97
一、惑智與相應的法界 97
二、三惑與三智 99
三、由智慧提升所屬法界 102

第四章 一佛乘止觀思想中的救度學與修道論 105
第一節 一佛乘止觀思想中的救度學 105
一、智顗一佛乘思想的救度學 105
(一)教相施設思想中的救度學 105
(二)二乘行者的救度問題 115
二、智顗一佛乘止觀思想的救度學 121
(一)一佛乘止觀救度學的蓮華三譬 121
(二)《摩訶止觀》中的被接義理 127
(三)《法華玄義》中的被接義理 134
第二節 一佛乘止觀思想中的修道論 141
一、四教所依教理 141
(一)藏教因緣生滅教理 141
(二)通教因緣無生教理 143
(三)別教因緣無量教理 144
(四)圓教因緣無作教理 145
二、四教所行止觀 146
(一)會乘義 147
(二)開權止觀 152
(三)顯實止觀 161

第五章 結論 165

參考文獻 166
一 、佛教藏經 166
(一)大正新脩大藏經 166
(二)卍新纂續藏經 167
(三)永樂北藏大藏經 167
二、專書 167
(一)中文專書 168
(二)中譯專書 168
(三)日文專書 169
三、期刊、論文集 169
四、學位論文 170
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Created date2022.09.29
Modified date2023.01.10



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