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唐宋觀音形神美之研究-以龍門石窟與大足石刻為例=The Study on the Physiques, Natural Poetic and Artistic of the Kuanyin in the Tany Sung Dynasty - Take Longmen Caves and Dazu Cave for example
Author 郭益悅 (著)=Kuo, Yih-Yueh (au.)
Date2014
Pages279
Publisher中國文化大學
Publisher Url https://www.pccu.edu.tw/
Location臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreedoctor
Institution中國文化大學
Department哲學系
Advisor曾春海
Publication year102
Keyword觀音信仰=Avalokitesvara religious; 觀音造像=Avalokitesvara iconography; 形神美觀=the aesthetics of form; 龍門石窟=Longmen Grottoes; 大足石刻=Dazu Rock Carvings
Abstract中國漫長的歷史發展中,宗教、審美與藝術是以不同性質的特殊意識型態相互交融持續至今。世界三大宗教─基督教、回教與佛教,影響中國各層面最深廣的應屬佛教,然而佛教始源並非發展自中國,奇特的是幾近斷滅於原始的發展國度後,卻因其教義流佈而在中國生根茁壯,成為世界三大宗教之一。然而近幾年來研究佛學與文學藝術關係的著作有逐漸多起之勢,但研究佛教與美學相關之著作尚微,職是之故,亦是為目的之所在,希望能透過「觀音菩薩」與「美學」之研究,明瞭作為一個龐大的佛教精神體系,其複雜及深刻之處。
佛教自印度東傳後延續千年,再於東土掀起一股風潮,且更盛於印度之發源地。佛教能從古亙今,除其教義深具哲理而得以深化廣傳之外,在一定意義上,對其教義的弘傳,則藉助了藝術創作中的各種形式造型,以及因佛教經典中載錄各種造像功德與福報,使得「佛菩薩」形體得以實現於人世間,而與民同在。「觀音」為「觀音菩薩」之簡稱,為佛教中重要的佛菩薩之一,亦被稱為與中國最為有緣的「菩薩」。佛教大乘經典中記載頗多,其代表著慈悲救度的智慧與施無畏精神,相關重要經典有《大悲蓮華經》、《妙法蓮華經》、《大方廣佛華嚴經》、《大佛頂首楞嚴經》、《大乘莊嚴寶王經》、《佛說觀無量壽佛經》、《般若波羅密多心經》、《大悲心陀羅尼經》及《觀世音菩薩授記經》…等,皆有其大慈悲行深之旨趣說明。其中與觀音造像有直接關係的經典為《妙法蓮華經‧普門品》中的三十三化身與《大佛頂首楞嚴經》的三十二應身最為深遠;另《大佛頂首楞嚴經》與《大悲心陀羅尼經》則為千臂千眼觀音應化身之依據。關於觀音造像所依據之經典進一步考證與論述,「觀音菩薩」的形像之豐、之美,在佛國世界中可謂首屈一指。因此,本論文即以研究「觀音菩薩」如何以佛性之體,成就為四位一體之「美神」?並探究其佛性與哲學中的藝術意涵?再則,因中國歷史悠久,各時代有各時代的思維與生活模式,影響所及,「觀音造像」的形式與演變,便成為時代的獨特凸鏡。其中,中國思想的發端起始於先秦時期;人們精神境界的提升則是在魏晉時期,此時同時也是對美的嗜求與品評的關鍵年代,加上佛教因道家這股向上的力量乘風崛起,益發使得宗教與藝術在中國因緣際會之下揉合,而自成一股涓流綿瀉而下。「形神」問題在此是哲學的問題、是藝術的問題、是宗教的問題,更是人生的問題,此是「觀音菩薩」真、善、美、聖四位一體之「美神」全方位的經歷時、空而成就的不思議事。
本論文以唐、宋同處於古典藝術美學的兩大高峰時代,進行美學思維之分析與菩薩造型藝術之比對,分別擇選具兩代代表性之觀音石刻造像-唐代龍門石窟與宋代大足石刻之觀音造型為比較對象。故觀音菩薩造像之審美,鎖定唐、宋兩代時期之石刻為論題範圍,並探究其所蘊藏的形神美觀與宗教、藝術、心理等方方面面攸關於「人」的重要議題。

In China’s long historical tradition, religion, aesthetics, and art, with different ideologies,have been intermingling with one another. Among three major religions in the world—Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, it is Buddhism that has most influenced every walk of China. Nevertheless, Buddhism did not originate from China. It has grown and blossomed in China although, very strangely, almost got extinct in its birth nation. In recent years, despite the fact that there has been a rise in the amount of studies on the relations between literature, art, and Buddhism, those exploring the relations between Buddhism and aesthetics remain scarce. As a result, this paper investigates both Avalokitesvara and
aesthetics in order that the complexity and profoundness of a giant Buddhist spiritual system can be well understood. Guanyin, shortened from Avalokitesvara, is one of the most important gods in Buddhism. Guanyin is also regarded as the most favored PuSa (Bodhisatta) by Chinese.
Avalokitesvara, the Sanskrit name of Guanyin, rendered different translations and titles at different periods when it was introduced into China, such as GwanShr Yin (an old translation) and Guan ZiZai (a new translation). In addition, both Indian and Chinese monks also translated quite a few synonymic names. Finally, from the perspectives of mediation and virtue, there are also a lot of variations. In sum, PuSa, shortened from Bodhisatta, coordinates two meanings: Bodih, equal to wisdom, implies revelation; Satta refers to compassion and believers. For instance, in Master Kuiji’sFahuayanjiang, Bodhisatta was literally translated to be revelation with compassion.
After being spread eastward, Buddhism initiated a nouvelle vogue in China, leading to a greater impact that has maintained over one thousand years. It is well known that the deep philosophy of Buddhism enables its dissemination throughout ages. It is even better known
that the different art forms by whichGuanyin has been embodied help the idea of Avalokitesvara materialize in humans’ world. In Mahayana Sutras classics, Avalokitesvara appears very often; she symbolizes merciful wisdom and sacrifices without fear. Among
these classics, the iconography of Avalokitesvara directly appears as thirty-three avatarsin “The Universal Door” of The Lotus Sutra and thirty-two ones in The Shurangama Sutra, both of which render most profound influences. Furthermore, the image of a Guanyin avatar with
thousand arms and thousand eyes comes from both The Shurangama Sutraand Great Compassion Dharani. It is obvious that studies on Guanyin’s iconography are most focused on the corpulence and beauty of her figure. Consequently, this paper discusses howAvalokitesvara, an avatar of a divine god, transforms into a god of beauty. The artistic implications of divinity
Table of contents摘 要 5
第一章 緒論 9
第一節 研究動機、題目與界定範圍 9
第二節 前人研究成果之回顧 12
第三節 問題意識 28
第四節 研究方法與研究進路 30
第五節 研究主題之重要性與各章要旨 33
第二章 中國的形神美觀 40
第一節 中國傳統哲學的形神美觀 40
第二節 魏晉南朝佛教中的形神觀 53
第三節 中國藝術哲學的形神美觀 61
第四節 觀音造像形神美觀 67
第五節 小結 76
第三章 觀音信仰與發展 78
第一節 早期觀音信仰背景與形成因素 79
第二節 中國觀音信仰之發展 83
第三節 中國觀音的思想體系 87
第四節 佛典中所載的觀音造型 103
第五節 小結 112


第四章 佛教造像形式發展與觀音造像藝術 114
第一節 佛像藝術 115
第二節 中國佛教造像繪塑形式 132
第三節 中國觀音造像藝術表現 141
第四節 小結 170
第五章 唐、宋時期觀音造像藝術之比較 172
第一節 唐代總體表現與「龍門石窟」 173
第二節 宋代總體表現與「大足石刻」 190
第三節 「龍門石窟」與「大足石刻」之比較 213
第四節 小結 221
第六章 觀音造像藝術哲學之意涵 223
第一節 觀音造像藝術之宇宙觀 224
第二節 觀音造像藝術之倫理觀 234
第三節 觀音造像藝術之美學觀 238
第四節 觀音造像藝術之視覺心理觀 243
第五節 觀音造像藝術之宗教觀 251
第六節 小結 260
第七章 結論 262
參考文獻 265
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Created date2022.10.05
Modified date2023.01.05



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