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五代吳越國資賢寺石窟造像探究=On the Cave Imagery at the Zixian Temple at Wuyue Kingdom of the Five Dynasties |
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| Author |
陳俊吉 (著)=Chen, Chun-chi (au.)
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| Source |
靜宜中文學報=Journal of Chinese Literature of Providence University
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| Volume | n.20 |
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| Date | 2021.12.01 |
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| Pages | 41 - 90 |
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| Publisher | 靜宜大學中國文學系 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://chinese.pu.edu.tw/
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| Location | 臺中市, 臺灣 [Taichung shih, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 陳俊吉， 東海大學中國文學系副教授。 |
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| Keyword | 華嚴教主=Huayan Main Deity; 華嚴藏海=Akanishs Ghanavyha; 華藏世界=World of Huazang; 法界淨土=Dharmadatu Pure Land; 普賢行願=Samantabhadra Great Vows |
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| Abstract | 五代吳越國統治者錢弘佐（928－947年）於杭州西湖邊慈雲嶺出資建造資賢寺，並在寺旁開鑿二座石窟，大窟為《彌陀龕》，小窟為《地藏龕》。大龕内刻主尊為端坐阿彌陀佛，兩側配坐蓮臺觀音與大勢至菩薩，外側配置站姿二脅侍菩薩與二天王，龕楣上刻七佛，七佛右側配騎象普賢，左側配騎獅文殊，二菩薩皆配置眷屬善財童子一人。彌陀龕上方龕楣七佛間隙鑿數個卯孔，可安裝木樁檁條，說明此龕前原有建築物，但今日佛殿已毀。《彌陀龕》是以彌陀淨土思想為主軸，但又出現華嚴體系的文殊與普賢菩薩，以及善財童子，《彌陀龕》旁的小龕為《地藏龕》，這樣組合的配置模式顯得相當特殊，究竟傳達何造像思想將是本文探討的核心。彌陀淨土乃報身佛阿彌陀佛建構在極樂世界，此佛土莊嚴乃彌陀本誓願力果德展現。《華嚴經》中華嚴教主以法身佛盧舍那佛（毘盧遮那佛）安住於蓮華藏海世界中，反映出「一即一切，一切即一」的淨土觀，強調「心淨則佛土淨」、「穢淨無二」、「證入法界」，同時具唯心淨土與實相莊嚴土的組合特色。除此之外，該石窟還融和的「七佛」、「地藏王菩薩」造像，反映出救贖、滅罪思想，將六道一切有情往生極樂淨土。該窟呈現出淨土、華嚴、七佛、地藏菩薩的多元組合顯得十分特別。而石窟所選定的主尊彌陀三尊像，乃延續著吳越國開國之初，將彌陀三尊像視為國家守護神，祈望資延國運，不離護國思想的祈願。
The ruler of the Wuyue Kingdom of the Five Dynasties, Qian Hongzuo (928- 947) commissioned Zixian Temple at Ciyun Mountain near the West Lake at Hangzhou. There are two caves nearby, the bigger one is titled Maitreya Cave while the smaller one is titled Ksitigarbha Cave. The main deity in the big cave is a seated Amitabha Buddha flanked by the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva sitting on the lotus and the Mahasthamaprapta Bodhisattva. On either side of the Bodhisattvas are two more standing Bodhisattvas and two Heavenly Kings. Above the main statues, seven Buddhas are flanked by Samantabhadra Bodhisattva riding on an elephant on the proper right and Manjushri Bodhisattva riding on a lion on the proper left. Both these two Bodhisattvas are attended by Sudhana each. Judging from the holes between the Buddhas above the main statues, there must have been A wooden structure at one point which is gone now. The main theme of the Amitabha Cave centers around Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land thought. However, the flanking Manjushri and Samantabhadra Bodhisattvas along with attendant Sudhana are under the Huayan doctrine. The addition of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva in the small cave makes the entire logistics intriguing. This paper tries to explore the Buddhist thoughts delivered by these statues. Amitabha Pure Land is the blissful world created by the Sambhogakaya Buddha, Amitabha Buddha, and the embodiment of His Great Vows and Virtues. It is stated in the Huayan Sutra that the Dharmakaya Buddha, Virocana Buddha, sits in the center of the Akanishs Ghanavyha that reflects the ＂One for all, all for one＂ Pure Land thought that emphases the ideas of ＂when the minds are pure, then the land is pure＂, ＂there is no difference between purity and defilements＂, and ＂entering into the dharmadatu＂ as well as the combination of mind-only pure land and reality-adorned land. Furthermore, this cave also includes the seven Buddhas and Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva that express wishes for salvation and atonement so that all sentient beings in six realms could eventually be reborn in the Pure Land full of unsurpassed bliss. To encompass Pure Land, Huayan, Seven Buddhas, and Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva thoughts in one cave is the idiosyncratic character of this site. The main deities, the Maitreya triad, is in line with the ideology that the first King of Wuyue designated the Maitreya triad as the protecting deities of the kingdom. Therefore, it is highly possible that the main theme of this cave is to pray for the prosperity of the kingdom. |
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| Table of contents | 摘要 41
Abstract 42
一、前言 43
二、五代吳越國資賢寺慈雲嶺石窟內容 47
（一）彌陀龕佛壇上主尊像 48
（二）彌陀龕極樂國土微妙之鳥 49
（三）彌陀龕的七佛與千佛 52
（四）彌陀龕華嚴二大士赴會 55
（五）地藏龕佛壇造像 56
三、彌陀龕的彌陀淨土與法界淨土的融和 61
（一）北朝晚期華嚴淨土與他方淨土聯繫 63
（二）唐代華嚴教法歸於彌陀淨土的聯繫 64
（三）歸命華嚴華藏淨土信仰 67
四、資賢寺石窟彌陀淨土與華藏淨土融和氛圍 69
五、資賢寺石窟滅罪思想與往生淨土 74
六、資賢寺石窟彌陀三尊的護國思想的延續 77
七、小結 80
引用文獻 81
圖片出處 88 |
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| ISSN | 23050845 (P) |
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| Hits | 178 |
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| Created date | 2022.12.05 |
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| Modified date | 2022.12.05 |
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