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자장의 불교시책과 그 성격-隋文帝 불교정책의 영향을 중심으로=A Study of the Buddhist Policies of Vinaya Master Jajang - Focused on the influence from the policies of Emperor Wen of Sui
Author 정영식 (著)=Jeong, Yeong-shik (au.)
Source 보조사상=普照思想=Journal of Bojo Jinul's Thought
Volumev.38 n.0
Date2012
Pages307 - 343
Publisher普照思想研究院
LocationKorea [韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보: 동국대학교 HK연구단 연구교수
Keyword慈藏=Jajang; 隋文帝=Emperor Wen of Sui; 舍利塔=sarira pagodas; 皇龍寺=Hwangnyong Temple; 綱管=Ganggwan
Abstract慈藏(610?~655?)은 638~643년에 걸쳐서 당에 유학하였는데, 귀국 후 신라불교교단을 대대적으로 정비하였다. 자장이 귀국 후 시행한 불교시책은 대당유학 중에 견문한 隋文帝 불교정책의 영향을 받은 것이다. 자장과 隋代 및 隋文帝의 불교정책은 사리탑 건립, 大興善寺(皇龍寺) 운영, 교단제도 등에 있어서 유사한 점이 많다. 첫째, 수문제는 즉위 후 3회에 걸쳐서 전국에 사리탑을 건립하였는데, 사리탑건립은 수문제 불교정책의 핵심이었다. 수문제 사리탑건립의 특징은 ‘지속적이고 광범위하게’ 행해졌다는 점이다. 자장도 귀국 후 선덕여왕에 건의하여 10餘基의 사리탑을 건립하였다. 수문제와 선덕여왕의 사리탑건립과 阿育王像 조성은 당시 동아시아에 널리 퍼져있었던 轉輪聖王說에 기반하는 것이다. 둘째, 수문제는 즉위 다음해인 582년에 長安에 大興善寺를 건립하였는데, 대흥선사는 國寺로서 상주인원 1,000명에 달하는 大刹이었다. 대흥선사는 승려통제기관과 국립불교연구소의 기능도 담당하였으며, 사리탑건립을 위해 전국에 사리를 봉송할 때의 출발지이기도 하였다. 한편 황룡사는 그 운영에 있어서 대흥선사를 모델로 하였는데, 황룡사의 승려들이 中央僧官職을 겸하고 역경사업을 벌이는 등 대흥선사와 유사한 점이 많다. 그러나 ‘황룡사구층목탑은 대흥선사 사리탑을 본 딴 것이다’는 종래의 주장은 대흥선사에는 巨塔이 없었기 때문에 타당하지 않다. 셋째, 신라의 교단제도는 北朝불교의 영향을 받고 있으므로 僧政機構와 僧官名에서 수대와 유사한 점이 많다. 자장이 귀국 후 설치한 ‘綱管’에 대해서는 종래 연구가 없었는데, 필자가 조사한 바에 의하면 수대에 이미 존재했던 승직으로서 ‘각 사원에서 승려의 규율을 통제하는 1차 책임자인 승려’임이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 자장이 개별사원의 감독을 강화한 것으로, 巡使와 더불어 지방사원의 통제를 강화한 것이다.

Vinaya Master Jajang (610?~655?) initiated a major reform of the Buddhist orders of his home country Silla after returning from Tang where he studied Buddhism from 638 to 643. The reform was greatly influenced by his influence of the Buddhist policies established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The Buddhist policies adopted by Jajang in Silla and Emperor Wen in Sui display similarities in many ways regarding, for instance, the construction of sarira pagodas, operation of Daxingshan Temple in Sui (or Hwangnyongsa in Silla) Temple, and institutional systems of Buddhist orders. Firstly, Emperor Wen issued imperial edicts three times which led his dynasty to the establishment of sarira pagodas all over his empire. The emperor regarded the construction of the monumental structures as the core of his policy for the development of Buddhism and wanted it to continue "consistently and extensively." Silla's Vinaya Master Jajang was impressed by the policy and, after homecoming, moved Queen Seondeok of Silla to build over ten pagodas enshrining Buddha's reliquaries. The vogue of building sarira pagodas and the statues of Asoka the Great across East Asia in the 7th century was based on the legend of Cakravarti Raja. Secondly, Emperor Wen of Sui established the Daxingshan Temple in Changan in 582, one year after his coronation. The state temple was home of over a thousand residents and contained government offices in charge of various Buddhist affairs including Buddhist priests and research activities as well as the construction of sarira pagodas. Hwangnyongsa Temple in Silla, which was built following the Daxingshan Temple as a model, also performed similar functions, including the translation and publication of Buddhist scriptures. The conventional view that the temple's nine-story wooden pagoda copied the sarira pagoda of the Daxingshan Temple is, however, easily refutable by that the Chinese temple contained no such huge structures in its precincts. Thirdly, Silla was under a strong influence from the Buddhism of Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty in particular, thus displaying significant similarities in the Buddhist managerial organizations and office names. As for the office named Ganggwan, for instance, of which there have been little researches made so far, I found that it was used in Sui as a title given to the priest in charge of the discipline of the monks in monasteries. The name, along with Sunsa (i.e. Patrol), reveals that Jajang used effective tools for the supervision of local temples and monasteries across Silla.
Table of contentsI. 서론 311
II. 본론 313
1.隋文帝 불교부흥정책의 성격 313
2. 자장의 불교시책과 교단정비 318
3. 자장과 수문제 불교정책의 관계 328
III. 결론 337
ISSN12297968 (P)
DOIhttp://doi.org/10.22859/bojoss.2012..38.009
Hits81
Created date2023.01.31
Modified date2023.01.31



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