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僧侶從軍？—— 抗戰後期漢藏教理院兵役案的爭議 （1943-1944）=Monks Becoming Soldiers? A Dispute of the Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Institute to Exempt from Military Service during the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1943-1944 |
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| Author |
李濤 (著)=Li, Tao (au.)
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| Source |
國史館館刊
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| Volume | n.74 |
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| Date | 2022.12 |
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| Pages | 91 - 121 |
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| Publisher | 國史館 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.drnh.gov.tw/
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| Location | 臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Keyword | 太虛=Tai Xu; 漢藏教理院=The Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Institute; 兵役=Military Service; 陳立夫=Li-fu Chen; 邊政 =Frontier Management |
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| Abstract | 南京國民政府1936年實施「兵役法」，要求僧人亦須履行國民義務，依法服兵役。經僧團抗爭後，國民政府實未嚴格執行徵召僧人入營服常備兵役。隨著抗日戰爭日趨嚴峻，1943年國民政府為革新役政，修訂「兵役法」，詳加規範免、緩役的申請程序和範圍，致使僧人申請免服常備兵役陷入無法可依的窘境。本文以漢藏教理院因應新修兵役法的運作做為個案研究。該院是抗戰時期太虛法師及其門人重要的活動基地，在新修兵役法後試圖以其可稱為「邊疆文化教育機關」，比附「兵役法」中有關「專科以上學校」之規定，得申請緩徵、緩召，卻因其「私立性質」連遭地方政府、軍政部和教育部相關司科拒絕。太虛不得不動用私人情誼，請託教育部長陳立夫，讓該院得以「對邊疆之一種重要工作」為由，獲得軍政部長何應欽的法外豁免，准予暫免徵召。漢藏教理院解決服役案，看似是由「私誼」促成，實則源於此前太虛和該院對戰時國民政府外交及應對西藏問題等「公事」的貢獻。因此，本個案不僅揭示「私誼」與「公事」之間的互動對戰時政教（佛教）關係的型塑，也呈現太虛及漢藏教理院於不利局面下維護自身利益的能動性和策略。
The Nationalist government implemented "Military Service Law" in 1936, requiring monks to perform their national obligations and military service. After protest and resistance from the Sangha, the government did not strictly enforce the conscription of monks into the army for standing military service. With the increasingly severity of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist government amended the Military Service Law in 1943 in order to strengthen its military. The new law detailed the application procedures as well as the scope of exemption and suspension for military service, which resulted in a narrowing path for monks to exempt from standing military service. This paper takes the Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Institute (hereinafter referred to as "Hanyuan") as a case study of the Sangha response to the implementation of the new military service law. Hanyuan was an important activity base for Master Tai Xu and his disciples during the Second Sino-Japanese War. As the new military service law was promulgated, they tried to apply for a suspension of conscription on the basis that the academy was a "frontier cultural and educational institute," with reference to the provisions in the law concerning "schools above junior college." However, due to its status as a "privately owned institution," the application was repeatedly rejected by the relevant departments of the local government, the Ministry of Military Affairs, and the Ministry of Education. In the end Tai Xu had to use his personal connections with the Minister of Education, Li-fu Chen, to ask for an extrajudicial exemption for Hanyuan. With the help of Chen, Hanyuan finally obtained a temporary exemption from military service from Ying-qin He, the Minister of Military Affairs, on the grounds that it provided "important works for the frontier." The resolution of the military service problem by the Hanyuan appears to have been facilitated by personal connections, but it was also a recognition of previous contributions Tai Xu and Hanyuan had made to the Nationalist government's "official business," such as wartime diplomacy and handling of the Tibet issue. This case not only reveals how the relationship between politics and religion (Buddhism) in wartime China was shaped by a mixture of "private friendship" and "official business," but also demonstrated the talent and strategy of Tai Xu and Hanyuan in safeguarding their interests under adverse circumstances. |
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| Table of contents | 壹、前言 95
貳、漢院兵役案緣起 96
叁、申請緩徵、緩召及其困境 101
肆、法外豁免方案的形成 106
伍、代結論－「私誼」與「公事」間的互動邏輯 112
徵引書目 118 |
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| ISSN | 10162933 (P) |
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| Hits | 24 |
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| Created date | 2023.09.13 |
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| Modified date | 2023.09.13 |
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