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아지비까(Ājīvika)를 중심으로 본 윤회와 행위이론의 인도적 기원=The Indian Origin of saṃsāra and karman from the light of the Ājīvika
Author 황순일 (著)=Hwang, Soon-il (au.)
Source 인도철학=印度哲學=Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy
Volumen.26
Date2009
Pages151 - 176
Publisher印度哲學會
Publisher Url http://krindology.com/
LocationKorea [韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보:동국대학교 인도철학과 교수 .
Keyword아지비까= Ājīvika; 행위; 윤회= rebirth; 아리얀= Aryan; 인더스문명=Indus civilization; 불교= Buddhism; 자이나교= Jainism; 우빠니샤드= Upaniṣad; karma
Abstract초기불교 경전에서 때때로 나형외도(裸形外道)란 이름으로 나타나는 아지비까에 대해서 빨리본 짜따까는 다음과 같은 게송을 남기고 있다. "행복한 재생으로 가는 문이란 결코 없으니, 비자까여, 너의 숙명을 따르라. 숙명에 의해서 기쁨과 괴로움이 결정된다고 아지비까는 말한다. 모든 생류들은 윤회를 통해서 청정하게 될지니, 미래를 너무 서두르지 말라!" 고대 인도의 군인들 사이에서 주로 회자되었던 이 게송은 삶과 죽음의 교차하는 극단적인 전쟁터에서 주어진 상황을 스스로의 숙명으로 받아들이는 아지비까의 태도가 얼마나 많은 정신적인 위안을 가져다주는지를 보여주고 있다. 비록 지금은 인도에서 완전히 사라지고 없지만, 아지비까는 하나의 교단의 형태로 14세기까지 남인도에 남아 있었으며, 인도최초의 통일왕국인 마우리아 왕조의 제 2대 빈두사라왕이 그 신도였던 것으로도 유명하다. 위의 게송에서도 나타나고 있지만, 아지비까는 우리들의 삶이 일회적인 것이 아니라 계속해서 반복되는 것이란 윤회이론을 받아들이면서도 그 윤회의 원동력으로 인도사상 일반에서 광범위하게 받아들여지는 행위이론은 받아들이지 않는 독특한 태도를 지니고 있다. 여기에서는 아지비까를 중심으로 윤회와 행위이론의 기원을 외부에서 인도로 들어온 아리얀이 아니라 갠지스강 중하류 지방의 토착민들 사이에서 찾으려는 갠지스 중하류 지역의 토착문화에 있음을 보여주려고 한다.

In the Pali JatAka, there is a famous verse known to belong to the AjIvika, one of the forgotten old Indian ascetic traditions: "To heaven there is no gate, just live down your fate. Joy and sorrow come to you, all as fate decrees. The cycle of rebirths at last makes all men pure, Be not too keen to know whatever’s coming next." This verse was well-known among Indian military circles since it gave a comfort for those whose life hangs on every battle they are on. Although the AjIvika has entirely disappeared in India, it had large follows during the first period of the great Mauryan Empire and survived in Southern India until the 14th century. According to their theory, they accept the idea of saMsAra, the endless rebirths, while refusing the theory of karman. Instead, they talks about fate in which every things around us are already firmly fixed. According to this Indian determinism, there is nothing we can do to change the course of life through efforts. This position could give a clue to understand how the Indian idea of saMsAra and karman was established at the very first time and how both ideas was step by step merged. There are three theories for the origin of saMsaAra dn karman: the Aryan origin, the Indus origin and the Ganges tribal origin of saMsAra and karman. The first is established by western scholars and was widely accepted due to the back up of the rich Sanskrit literature. The second depends on the decoding of the letters of the Indus civilization. Still we can see some clues to show it relationship with the Indian religion, such as an Indus seal in which there is a god meditating in sitting cross-legged. In the third theory, scholars look at the origin of saMsAra and karman not from the Aryan, the outsider, but from the indigenous tribal people lived in the Ganges area. The current work aims at establishing and confirming the third theory through reconstructing the AjIvikas’ position on saMsAra and through their role in the early development of Indian religious traditions.
Table of contentsI 서언. 152
II 아리안기원설과 그 문제점. 155
III 윤회관념의 윤리화와 아지비까. 161
IV 갠지스기원설과 행위개념의 체계화. 167
V 결어. 171
ISSN12263230 (P)
Hits47
Created date2023.09.29
Modified date2023.09.29



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