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고려시대 만두 문화의 두 흐름 -불교사찰의 채식만두=Two Leading Influences of Mantou Culture in Koryo Dynasty: Vegetable Mantou at Buddhist Monasteries & Meat Mantou in Royal Family and Civilian Society
Author 공만식 (著)=Kong, Man-Shik (au.)
Source 불교문예연구=The Journal of Buddhist Culture and Art
Volumen.20
Date2022.12
Pages553 - 598
Publisher동방문화대학원대학교 불교문예연구소=Buddhist Culture and Art Laboratory
Publisher Url http://dongbang.ac.kr/html/laboratory03/sub01.php
LocationSeoul, Korea [首爾, 韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보: 동방문화대학원대학교 대우 교수
Keyword육식만두=Meat Mantou; 채식만두=Vegetable Mantou; 쌍화= Ssanghua; 산함= Sanham; 혼돈= Hondon; 만두문화=Mantou Culture; 고려사회=Koryo Society; Ssangha
Abstract본고는 한국 만두문화의 기원이 되는 고려시기 만두문화의 전체상을 조망 하기 위한 고찰이다. 선행연구들은 고려말 충렬왕 시기 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화’를 한국 만두의 기원으로 간주해오고 있다. 그러나 고려사회는 ‘불교사찰의 채 식만두문화’와 ‘왕실과 민간사회의 육식만두문화’가 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화’ 이전 시기부터 고려사회에 정착하여 지속되어 오고 있었음을 밝힌다. 고려 불교채식만두는 13세기 초 수선사 2세인 진각국사 혜심의 『조계진각 국사어록』에 등장하는 불교채식만두인 ‘산함(餕餡)’과 이규보의 『동국이상국 집』에 언급된, 이규보가 평소 교류가 있었던 기선사(其禪師)로부터 받은 만 두류 음식인 ‘혼돈(餛飩)’을 통해 확인된다. 이 시기에 고려불교사찰은 아침 메뉴로 전통적인 죽과 더불어 만두류 음식인 혼돈을 식용하였을 것으로 생각 된다. 고려시대 육식만두의 전통은 국가행사인 연등회와 팔관회의 의례 속에 등 장하는 ‘쌍하(雙下)만두’와 고려가요 속에 언급된 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화만두’를 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. ‘쌍하’는 당시 동아시아 왕실과 사신접대에 등장하는 만두류 음식으로 낙타의 육봉을 속재료로 한 왕실연향에서 사용되는 ‘쌍하타 봉각자(雙下駝峰角子)’와 사신접대 등에 사용되는 타봉을 사용하지 않은 ‘쌍 화관장만두(雙下灌漿饅頭)’나 ‘쌍하각자(雙下角子)’등으로 구분된다. 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화만두’는 고려사회에 정착한 외국인인 회회인(回回人) 상 인이 팔던 만두로 양고기와 밀착된 그들의 음식문화와 고려사회에서 도축업 에 종사한 사실 등을 토대로 ‘양고기만두’였을 가능성을 엿볼 수 있다. 위의 고찰로 미루어 볼 때 고려시대 한국 만두의 기원은 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍 화’에서 시작되었다기보다는 아마도 북송과 맞물리는 시기에 불교사찰의 채 식만두문화와 왕실과 민간의 육식만두문화가 이미 존재하였을 것으로 생각 된다.

The paper aims at investigating the whole picture of Mantou culture in Koryo dynasty. There were two leading influences of Mantou culture in Koryo: Vegetable mantou which was eaten at Buddhist monasteries and meat mantou which was consumed at royal familiy and civilian society. Previous articles on mantou in Koryo dynasty say that Korean Mantou is originated from the Ssanghua mantou at Ssanghuajeom in later Koryo period but historical and literature materials mention that before the Ssanghua mantou, there were mantou culture in koryo society which were led by Buddhist temples and royal family and civilian society. In comparatively early Koryo history, there waw vegetable mantou which are called ‘Hondon’. It was consumed at Buddhist temples where Buddhist monks ate the Hondon as a menu of breakfast with rice porridge. The most important Buddhist vegetable mantou is called ‘Sanham’ or ‘Sando’ which were prepared with mushroom, bamboo sprout, and other vegetables. Another significant ingredients for Buddhist vegetable mantou are beans, soy beans and red bean with which sweet taste mantou were made and later developed into ‘Steamed Bread.’ Meat mantou led another significant mantou culture which were flourished in royal family and civilian society. ‘Ssangha’ was the mantou which was used for national rituals and the use of Ssangha mantou was popular in national rituals anf feasts in East Asian countries like Koryo, Sung and Jing dynasty. Ssanghua mantou was known in later Koryo dynasty which was sold in the capital of Koryo by Hui hui tribe who settled in Koryo society. The mantou is inferred that it was probably made with mutton, because the Hui hui tribe was strongly connected with mutton culture and they lived as buchers in Koryo society. The previous finding for the origin of Korean mantou which insists that Ssanghua is the origin of Korean mantou should be revised and the two leading influences(vegetable and meat mantou) of mantou culture in Koryo dynasty should be realized for understanding historical facts on the origin of Korean mantou culture.
Table of contentsI. 서론 555
II. 고려시대 불교사찰의 채식만두 전통 557
    1. 고려 불교사찰의 혼돈(餛飩) 557
    2. 고려 불교사찰의 채식만두, 산함(餕餡) 567
III. 고려시대 왕실과 민간의 육식만두 전통 575
    1. 고려왕실의 만두: 쌍하(雙下) 575
    2. 고려 민간사회의 만두: 「쌍화점(雙花店)」의 쌍화(雙花) 585
IV. 결어 591
ISSN22889191 (P)
Hits60
Created date2023.11.25
Modified date2023.11.25



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687782

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