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遼代佛教戒律的另一面：梵網菩薩戒在契丹一代的傳播與影響=The Other Side of the Buddhist Precepts of the Liao Dynasty: the Spread and Influence of the Fanwang (梵網 ) Bodhisattva Precepts in Khitan |
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| Author |
王若賓 (著)=Wang, Ruo-bin (au.)
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| Source |
2023 第九屆漢傳佛教與聖嚴思想國際學術研討會
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| Date | 2023.06.29 |
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| Publisher | 財團法人聖嚴教育基金會 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.shengyen.org.tw/index.aspx?lang=cht
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| Location | 臺北, 臺灣 [Taipei, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 會議論文=Proceeding Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Keyword | 契丹=Khitan; 遼代=Liao Dynasty; 戒律學=Precepts; 發菩提心戒=Bodhicitta Precepts; 梵網經=Fanwangjing |
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| Abstract | 契丹（遼，九一六～一一二五），是游牧民族在北中國建立的政權。契丹一代早期曾保有其肉食的生活習慣和殺生祭天的宗教習慣。但据先行研究之統計，遼道宗之後，宰殺犧牲驟減趨近 消失。正史之中也多見「禁殺」之令。學界普遍認爲此一改變是契丹受佛教文化影響所致。故而考察契丹佛教特別是其戒律學的情況，就具有了十分重要的學術意義。
根據藤原崇人等人的研究，遼代佛教戒律學最大的特色，或為「菩提心戒」的授受活動。菩提心戒，密教之中亦稱「三昧耶戒」。本身是密教行者進入灌頂道場之前所受戒。至遼代佛教，此戒的密教色彩逐漸淡化，而被廣汎授受。從目前掌握的史實和先行研究上看，遼人無疑熱衷於受菩提心戒。
但是筆者的疑問也來源於此。從現存遼代受菩提心戒文本看，菩提心戒的戒相是相對模糊的。其戒并不像具足戒、菩 薩戒那樣有明確的戒相戒條和開遮持犯的要求。那麽生活在遼代的佛教信仰者又是秉持何種戒條規範來自己日常生活的呢。故而，本研究注意到了契丹一代佛教中所存《梵網經》相關之文本。在先行研究的基礎上，本研究試圖提示契丹佛教戒律學及其活動中展現出的另一面 ——即 《 梵網經 》 及其相關文本在有遼一代的活躍、傳播及其影響。
二十世紀七十年代，中國大陸的考古工作者在山西省應縣佛宮寺木塔佛像之中，發現了八十餘件遼代佛教文獻。這批文獻的照片後被整理爲《應縣木塔遼代秘藏》一書出版。本文所要關注的内容即其中所收第五八號文獻《玉泉四菩薩戒壇所 牒》、第六一號文獻《菩薩戒壇所牒》、第六六號文獻《梵網經手記》、第六八號文獻《發菩提心戒本、大乘八関齋戒儀，菩薩十無盡戒儀合卷》、第六九號文獻《十戒戒本》等。討論之中亦輔以北京房山石經遼代志仙刻記《發菩提心戒本》等文獻。
根據本研究之討論，可以初步瞭解到以下内容。契丹佛教之中梵網經的内
容并不少見，木塔所在古應州的寺院就曾系統地學習過此經，亦曾向信仰者大衆傳授此戒。而在遠隔三百余公里的山西應縣木塔和北京房山石經之中，都找到了《梵網經》的痕跡，可見其在契丹國内影響之廣度；在遼代最流行的「發菩提心戒」相關儀軌中， 亦有《梵網經》相關内容的混入，可一窺此經在遼代影響之深度。
另外，遼道宗御書金泥《菩薩三聚净戒本》曾深遠地影響了金元之北中國佛教，而此本今已逸失不見。本研究結合此本篇名，推測其或與《梵網經》有
關。
Khitan (Liao Dynasty, 916 1125) is a regime established by nomads in northern China. In the early stages of the Liao Dynasty, nomads retained their meat-eating habit and the religious habit of killing animals and sacrificing. However, according to the statistics of the previous research, after the emperor Daozong of Liao Dynasty, the sudden decline of killing animals and sacrificing that approached to disappear. There are also many orders of "No Killing" in the historical records. The academic community generally believes that this change is caused by the influence of Khitan's Buddhist culture. Therefore, investigating the situation of Khitan Buddhism, especially its precepts is very significant to academia.
According to Fujiwara Takato the researcher and others, the most prominent feature of Buddhist precepts in the Liao Dynasty perhaps is the activity of receiving "Bodhicitta Precepts"菩提心戒 . Bodhicitta Precepts, also known as the "Samaya Precepts" 三昧耶戒 in Esoteric Buddhism. It is the precept that Esoteric Buddhism practitioners must receive before entering Abhiṣeka Hall灌頂道場 . In the Liao Dynasty, the esoteric color of this precept gradually faded away and was widely received. From the historical facts and prior study, the Khitan people are undoubtedly keen to receive Bodhicitta Precepts.
Also this is the origins of my question. From the perspective of the existing text of the Bodhicitta Precepts in the Liao Dynasty, the Precept Characteristics戒相 of the Bodhiicitta Precepts are relatively vague and indefinite. This precept does not have clear characteristics and requirements for permiting prohibiting upholding or commiting like Full cammandments具足戒 and Bodhisattva Precepts菩薩戒 . That is to say, what kinds of precepts that Buddhist disciples received in their daily life in the Liao Dynasty? This study pays attention to these texts related to the Fanwangjing in the Khitan Buddhism. Based on prior study, this study tries to show the other side of Khitan Buddhist precepts and its receiving activities - that is, the Fanwangjing and its related texts were active, wide spreaded and had significant impact in Liao Dynasty.
In the 1970s, archaeologists in mainland China found more than eighty documents of Liao Dynasty in the Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Ying County, Shanxi Province. The photos of this amount of documents were later sorted out and published as the book
"Micang in Yingxian Wooden Pagoda of Liao Dynasty". This study pays attention to the No. 58 document 玉泉寺菩薩戒壇所牒) , No. 61 document 菩薩戒壇所牒 , No. 66 Literature梵網經手記 , No. 68 Document (發菩提心戒本、大乘八關齋戒儀，菩薩十無盡戒儀合卷), No. 69 Document十戒戒本 and so on in this book. In the discussion, it is also supplemented with "Fa Putixinjie Ben",engraved by Zhixian志仙 in Liao Dynasty in "Beijing Fangshan Stone Sutra".
According to the discussion of this study, the following contents can be preliminarily known. The text of the Fanwangjing in Khitan Buddhism is not uncommon |
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| Hits | 26 |
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| Created date | 2024.10.04 |
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| Modified date | 2024.10.04 |
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