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移動的聖山:中日五臺山信仰的跨域交流=The Buddhist Sacred Mountain in Motion: Border-Crossing Worship of Wutai Shan in China and Japan
Author 林韻柔 (著)=Lin, Yun-jo (au.)
Source 臺灣東亞文明研究學刊=Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies
Volumev.11 n.2 (總號=n.22)
Date2014.12
Pages107 - 181
Publisher國立臺灣師範大學國際與社會科學學院
Publisher Url https://www.ciss.ntnu.edu.tw/
Location臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language中文=Chinese
Note作者為逢甲大學中國文學系助理教授。
本文為執行國家科學委員會補助赴國外從事博士後研究「朝聖與修驗:中日佛教聖山信仰與巡禮活動」研究計畫(NSC 101-2917-I-564-018)成果之一。
本文為筆者於明治大學進行博士後研究成果之一。中文初稿發表於「漢傳佛教的跨文化交流國際學術研討會」(臺北:政治大學宗教研究所、新北:法鼓山中華佛學研究所,2013年10月26-27日);日文修訂稿曾宣讀於「多分野複合の視角から見た日本仏教の国際的研究」第三回例会(東京:早稲田大学,2014年1月24日)。本文之撰成與發表,深受廖肇亨先生啟發;氣賀澤保規、于君方、李玉珍、大久保良峻、吉田一彦、蓑輪顕量、上島享、佐藤文子等先生亦曾提供諸多寶貴意見,督促筆者精進修文;山口智哉先生協助日文修訂與翻譯。謹此向諸位先生致上由衷感謝之意。
Keyword五臺山=Wutai Shan (Mount Wutai); 文殊菩薩=Manjusri; 聖山=Sacred Mountain; 巡禮=Pilgrimage; 奝然=Chyonen; 清涼寺=Seiryō-ji
Abstract本文的目的在於考察中國第一座佛教聖山——五臺山信仰在古代中國與日本的傳播、移植,以及期間產生的變化。中古時期五臺山聖山信仰的形成,最重要的意義在於開啟中國佛教傳播與信仰的新面向。五臺山整個區域被視為一體,不同於單一的宗派本山或容納多寺的名山,不但是信仰的根據,亦是信仰實踐的所在。文殊菩薩是五臺山聖山信仰的對象,與文殊菩薩化現的相關聖跡成為信仰傳播的輔助。聖山信仰的基礎是寺院與僧人,入山巡禮是聖山信仰的實踐過程,巡禮者成為信仰擴展的重要媒介,而五臺山圖與清涼傳的撰(繪)成,則是輔教之作。
五臺山文殊道場在成為佛教信仰圈認定的聖山之後,吸引更多的信眾巡禮五臺山,並隨著巡禮的信眾傳播至各地。唐代以降,除了山西五臺山以外,中國其他各地亦可見小五臺、南五臺等地。此外,五臺山信仰也影響中國域外的國家,特別是日本與新羅的僧人,不僅將五臺山信仰傳入本國,更在本國之內仿建文殊聖山,可謂當時佛教文化區內的共同現象。本文將考察五臺山信仰在古代東亞國家之間跨域擴展的過程,冀能進一步觀察佛教在東亞地區的傳播與變化,探討五臺山如何成為在東亞地區移動、別立的聖山。

The formation of Wutai Shan beliefs in medieval China is significant in several ways, among which the most conspicuous is the opening of a new dimension for the spread of Buddhism in China. A sacred mountain is different from a simply famous or faction-based mountain; it controls all of the surrounding areas and constitutes the nexus of religious activities. Manjusri worship is central to Wutai Shan beliefs. A number of traces and relics of ostensible Manjusri appearances are physical attractions of the belief system. Temples in Wutai Shan and their monks form the basis of the sacred mountain culture, while pilgrims complement the ceremonies. The "Map of Wutai Shan" and Qingliang Zhuan are two masterpieces that promulgate the beliefs. Wutai Shan became a destination of pilgrimage after being recognized as a Buddhist sacred mountain. From the Tang dynasty, apart from the genuine Wutai Shan in Shanxi province, there appeared elsewhere in China such places as Little Wutai and South Wutai. Furthermore, monks from Korea and Japan brought the beliefs back home and created their own sacred mountains in the image of Wutai Shan, which became a common phenomenon in the Buddhist cultural sphere.
This article focuses on the process of Wutai Shan beliefs spreading from China to neighboring countries as an example of the development and variations of East Asian Buddhism.
Table of contents壹、前言 110
貳、五臺山圖的傳播 113
一、吐蕃入求五臺山圖 114
二、敦煌五臺山圖 115
三、敦煌五臺山文獻 120
參、微型五臺山的模製 125
肆、五臺山的別立 129
一、終南山南五臺 130
二、蔚州東五臺 135
三、其他別立五臺山 138
伍、日本五臺山信仰的建立 144
陸、日本求法僧與五臺山 153
柒、渡海駐日的聖山 160
捌、結語 165
ISSN18126243 (P)
DOI10.6163/tjeas.2014.11(2)107
Hits602
Created date2016.01.05
Modified date2020.09.23



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