彌陀淨土的追尋 : 北宋「往生西方」著作的探討=The Quest of the Pure Land: A Study of the

黃啟江 (著)=Huang, Chi-chiang (au.)

Author

黃啟江 (著)=Huang, Chi-chiang (au.)

Source

故宮學術季刊=The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly

Volume

v.16 n.1 秋季號

Date

1998.09

Pages

59 - 86

Publisher

國立故宮博物院

Publisher Url

https://www.npm.gov.tw/

Location

臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]

Content type

期刊論文=Journal Article

Language

中文=Chinese

Keyword

聖徒列傳式=Hagiographic; 高僧傳=Kao-seng chuan; 北宋=Northern sung; 淨土=Pure land; 往生=Wang-sheng

Abstract

北宋時期出現了若干有關「往生西方」故事之著作。這些故事形成專集而見於彌陀信仰相當流行的北宋，是個耐人尋味而值得研究的問題。本文探討這些往生故事的來源及演變，考察其自僧傳襄聖徒列傳式的描寫形式演變成傳奇幻想式敘述的過程。首先抽取三種高僧傳襄的若干人物傳記與往生故享集之同一人物之傳記相比較，指出往生傳作者或編者，根據僧傳之故事，不斷地加入戲劇化的元素以造成「往生」的效果。這些元素包括淨土有關的語彙及可以預見或即時出現的往生淨土場景。有關淨土的用語如彌陀眾聖、樂聲、白光、香氣常出現於此類著作中。作者或編者用這些辭彙來描繪奇異而神話式的淨土「往生」而非單純的「死亡」。這種用極樂的「往生」取代可怕的死亡之敘述，最足以說明往生故享著作的性質與目標。毫無疑問，它們是為宣揚彌陀淨土信仰，使人信向。另一方面，它們提供比口傳故享更具體的驗證，來說明作者或編者所相信之確切存在而又可望的淨土。
　　本文分六節。第一節略論往生故事集之資料來源:《高僧傳》及《續高僧傳》等僧傳。第二節論往生著作的形成，與見於五代及北宋四種往生故事集之代表作。第三節分析並列表比較四本著作中的往生人物。第四節比較此四本著作對若干往生人物的敘述，以見四書之間的關係與特點。第五節討論四書以「往生」取代「死亡」的描寫。結論重申往生著作於北宋應時產生，帶給彌陀淨土信仰者無限的鼓舞於希望。

The Northern Sung (960-1126) witnessed the emergence of a number of texts which tell stories about wang-sheng, or "Rebirth in the Pure Land." The appearance of these story texts at a time when the Pure Land faith gained growing popularity is an intriguing phenomenon worthy of attention. This paper studies the process in which these stories evolved from their hagiographic origins into fantastic narratives that were put together to form the texts. It compares dozens of biographies in three kao-seng chuan, viz., biographies of eminent monks, with biographies of the same individuals included in these texts, showing that authors of the latter consistently, if not consciously, increased the dramatic elements to create the effect of "rebirth in the Pure Land" in their texts. These elements include the phraseology associated with the Pure Land and scenes portraying the predictable or imminent entry into the land of bliss. The frequent use of diction related to the Pure Land, such as celestial dignitaries, heavenly music, white light, and fragrant scent, to portray marvelous and mythical ascension rather than death perhaps best explains the nature and goals of these texts. Needless to say, they helped to proselytize. Furthermore, they provided people with much more concrete testimonies than their oral counterparts of what the authors believed was an existing and reachable Pure Land. The paper has six sections. The introduction discusses the sources of the wang-seng (Rebirth in Pure Land) story texts; hagiographies such as the Kao-seng chuan and the Hsu Kao-seng chuan. Section two outlines the formation of the wang-sheng texts, discussing four of them as representative examples produced in the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Sung (960-1279). Section three tabulates the so-called wang-seng jen (people reborn in the Pure Land) documented in the stories of the four texts. Section four compares the narrative of some wang-sheng jen in these four texts and discusses their intertextual relationship. Section five points out the shift from "plain death" portrayed in the hagiographic accounts to wang-sheng in the accounts of these four texts. The conclusion reiterates the timely arrival of the wang-sheng texts in the Northern Sung, stressing that they brought encouragement and hope to the followers of the Pure Land faith.

Table of contents

一、引言 60
二、「往生集」一類故事的代表作 64
三、往生故事的人物 67
四、四種往生故事集的內容與其相互關係 70
五、從「死亡」到「往生」77
六、結論 83

ISSN

10119094 (P)

	Search Criteria	Browse