角色轉換與歷史記憶--莫高窟第323窟張騫出使西域圖的藝術史意義=Role Reversal and Historical Memory: Artistic Significance of the Wall Painting of Zhang Qian Exploring the Western Regions on a Diplomatic Mission in Mogao Cave 323

沙武田

Author

沙武田

Source

敦煌研究=Dunhuang Research

Volume

n.1 (總號=n.143)

Date

2014.02

Pages

21 - 29

Publisher

敦煌研究編輯部

Publisher Url

http://www.dha.ac.cn/

Location

蘭州, 中國 [Lanzhou, China]

Content type

期刊論文=Journal Article

Language

中文=Chinese

Keyword

張騫出使西域圖; 佛教史迹畫; 莫高窟第323窟

Abstract

莫高窟初唐第323窟屬敦煌石窟中的"原創性"洞窟,窟內圖像獨特,是敦煌石窟群中僅存的主題為佛教史跡畫內容的一窟。其中的"張騫出使西域圖"更是特殊,把本來屬于政治外交性質的張騫使西域歷史附會為佛像傳入漢地最早事件。在這幅壁畫中張騫出使事件發生的"角色轉換",至少到初唐時期成為一種特殊的"歷史記憶"圖像,集中反映佛像傳入漢地的歷史。考察洞窟整體壁畫及塑像,洞窟的設計者或繪畫者很有可能為僧人,其目的是將"求佛名號"的使命交給中西交通開拓者的張騫身上。說明有唐一代,張騫出使西域的歷史在佛教界發生了"角色轉換",由政治和外交圖像轉換為佛教題材內容,并最終成為一種獨特的圖像文獻,賦有"歷史記憶"的功能,在佛教發展史上占有一定的地位。因此,這種獨一無二的原創性洞窟在藝術史上具有非常重要的意義。而從圖像胡風因素出發,則可發現該窟的功德主有可能為來華的西域移民。

As an original Early Tang cave at the Mogao Grottoes, cave 323 is the only Dunhuang cave to use Buddhist historical paintings as its theme. More particularly, the picture of Zhang Qian exploring the Western Regions on a diplomatic mission, which was a political and diplomatic event in Chinese history, was adopted as the earliest fact about the dissemination of Buddhism in the Central Plains. The "role reversal" of Zhang Qian’s diplomatic mission in this picture became an image of "historical memory" at least in the Tang dynasty, which reflects the dissemination of Buddhist images into the Central Plains. An investigation of the wall paintings and sculptures in this cave indicates that the designers or painters of this cave might have been monks who intended to entrust the mission of "searching for the name of the Buddha" to Zhang Qian, a pioneer in opening up the traffic route between China and the West. In other words, "role reversal" appeared in the historical event of Zhang Qian’s diplomatic mission. It was turned from a political image into a Buddhist theme and finally was fixed as special visual material endowed with the function of "historical memory," thus playing an important role in the history of Buddhism. Therefore, this unique and original cave is important in the history of art, while the non-Chinese iconographic elements suggest that the owners of this cave might have been immigrants from the Western Regions.

ISSN

10004106 (P)

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