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佛教對於器官捐贈倫理爭議的解決方案 -- 以《雜阿含經》和《大般若經》為依據=A Buddhist Approach to the Controversies of Organ Donation Ethics: Based on Saṁyuktāgama-sūtra and Prajnāpāramitā-sūtra
Author 劉政明 (著)=Liu, Cheng-Ming (au.)
Date2014
Pages76
Location臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution國立臺灣大學
Department哲學研究所
Advisor蔡耀明
Publication year102
Keyword解脫道=Path to liberation; 菩提道=Path to enlightenment; 無常=impermanence; 非我=non-self; 布施波羅蜜多=dāna-pāramitā
Abstract本文站在佛教倫理學的立場,分析並檢討當代器官捐贈倫理的爭議。器官捐贈倫理議題橫跨醫療、倫理、法律、哲學和宗教共五大領域。由於涉及面向廣泛,加之牽連利益甚鉅,器官捐贈的各個環節都被加以放大討論。然而,即便各界投入許多心力,仍然未有一普遍的共識。本文試圖通過佛教的觀點,化解當代器官捐贈倫理中的諸多爭議,並嘗試提供一套佛教系統下的器官捐贈倫理理論。
回顧佛學界和應用倫理學界過去的相關研究,其中的爭議焦點都有特殊的預設。本文運用佛教的理論加以一一檢視,並將不相應於世間的預設刪除,藉此解消眾爭議。在佛學界中,爭議的核心有:佛教可否容受死後器官捐贈、佛教有無積極理由支持器官捐贈、佛教研究器官捐贈倫理應有的進路;在應用倫理學界中討論的則是腦死判準之疑慮、捐贈意願判定之疑慮、器官歸屬之爭議以及器官販賣。本文分別在佛教解脫道和佛教菩提道系統中,搭配「非我」、「布施」等觀念,逐一解消各爭議中不適當的預設。
在解消爭議之後,本文採取佛教的「布施」觀念,應用於器官捐贈的系統中。將捐贈過程區分為:捐贈者、受贈者、醫療及社工人員等三部分,並加以探討各個部分所處的心理狀態或認知。以佛教的「無所見」為方法,化解器官捐贈流程中不適的心態和見解,在爭議和衝突產生前將之消彌於無形。

It is said that a lot of incurable patients can be saved by means of organ donation. Indeed, it is one of the most popular surgical operations. Being popular, however, does not entail its ammunition to moral criticism. Hence, I shall propose a Buddhist account of organ donation and oppose the contemporary view of organ donation. There are many controversies related to organ donation, such as brain death, donation card, presuming donation, and organ market. From Buddhist point of view, these controversies are caused because of people ignoring the reality of the world. According to Buddhist path to liberation, treating everything as impermanent makes people understand that this co-arising world is produced by related conditions. It is based on ignorance of the reality that people presume the ideas of control, possession and self. If these ideas are replaced by “impermanence” and “non-self”, the controversies related to organ donation will be ceased.
In contrast to contemporary medical mechanism, living and dying are both empty and equal in Buddhist perspective. It is incorrect to save recipients at any price while ignoring donators’ need. In Buddhist path to enlightenment, dāna-pāramitā, which means perfection of giving, could provide us guides to donate skillfully. Applying to organ donation, it is important to benefit donators, recipients and doctors at the same time, while not any immoral thing being caused or implemented. Since there are big differences between contemporary and Buddhist idea of donation, Buddhism shall not endorse organ donation.
Table of contents謝辭 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究目標及背景 1
第二節 解明關鍵概念 2
第一項 器官捐贈 3
第二項 腦死判準 3
第三項 佛教的解脫道和菩提道 4
第三節 文獻依據 5
第四節 全文結構 6

第二章 當代佛教器官捐贈倫理研究之檢討 7
第一節 研究背景概述 7
第二節 以佛教為中心的器官捐贈倫理文獻之回顧 9
第一項 佛教可否容受死後器官捐贈 10
第二項 佛教有無積極理由支持器官捐贈 15
第三節 佛教的解脫道倫理學和菩提道倫理學 18
第一項 佛教的解脫道倫理學 19
第二項 佛教的菩提道倫理學 22
第四節 檢討佛教研究器官捐贈倫理之進路 25
第五節 結論 28

第三章 從緣起法的死生相續檢討器官捐贈倫理 30
第一節 佛教緣起法對生死之界說 31
第二節 當代器官捐贈倫理的爭議 34
第一項 腦死判準之疑慮 35
第二項 捐贈意願判定之疑慮 38
第三項 器官歸屬之爭議 40
第四項 器官販賣 43
第三節 從無常、非我的觀點 解消器官捐贈倫理之爭議 44
第一項 從無常到非我之義理開展 45
第二項 佛法對器官捐贈倫理爭議之批判 47
第四節 小結 51

第四章 依〈布施波羅蜜多分〉檢視器官捐贈 53
第一節 〈布施波羅蜜多分〉之理路開展 54
第二節 器官捐贈者可能之布施修行 59
第三節 受贈器官者可以相應之修行 62
第四節 器官捐贈醫療團隊可行之參與方式 64
第五節 小結 67
第五章 結論 69
參考書目 72
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Created date2016.05.26



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