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唐代「佛傳文學」研究=A Study on the "Buddha’s Biographies Literature" in Tang Dynasty
Author 張家豪 (撰)=Chang, Chia-hao (compose)
Date2019
Pages246
Publisher國立中正大學
Publisher Url https://www.ccu.edu.tw/
Location嘉義縣, 臺灣 [Chia-i hsien, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreedoctor
Institution國立中正大學
Department中國文學研究所
Advisor鄭阿財、謝明勳
Publication year107
Keyword佛傳=Buddha’s Biographies; 唐代文學=Tang Dynasty Literature; 道宣=Dao Xuan; 王勃=Wang Bo; 敦煌文學=Dun-huang Literatures
Abstract本論文探討「佛傳」經漢譯,在唐前經少數高僧、文士運用於詩文,至唐代如何更廣泛地流行,成一重要文學主題。文中分別論述唐代高僧、文士、庶民三種不同社會階層,從各自不同視角所進行的佛傳文學創作,進而使「佛傳」於唐代文學中發展出多元面向、特色與價值。
第一章為緒論,說明研究背景、動機、範疇、方法。第二章概述唐前佛傳漢譯與流傳情況,可見支遁較早以佛傳為主題創作,僧祐《釋迦譜》彙編佛傳之影響力及於唐代道宣之作,另外,佛傳故事亦與「佛誕」等相關宗教儀式結合,成為文人抒情之詩作題材。
第三至六章則聚焦唐代,分別以高僧道宣《釋迦氏譜》、文士王勃〈釋迦如來成道記〉與〈釋迦佛賦〉、以及流行於庶民大眾的敦煌佛傳文獻為討論核心。其中指出道宣作品之護教、宣教精神。考辨王勃為〈釋迦佛賦〉作者的可能性。並整理豐富的敦煌佛傳文獻,說明其實際展演之空間、時間與方式。結論中則以較宏觀視角審視唐代佛傳文學。
綜言之,唐代佛傳文學就文獻數量與文學形式而言,皆明顯多於唐前,為創作一高峰。文士中,王勃以二種不同文學體裁為佛陀立傳之舉,為唐前所未見,而流行於唐代世俗之敦煌佛傳文獻,在變文、歌讚、應用文書中皆有以佛傳為題材之作,衍伸出多樣化文本,充分展現佛傳於唐代世俗化之特徵,佛傳故事藉佛誕、齋會等宗教儀式深入庶民日常生活,成為化俗時重要之主題。
在文學手法表現上,道宣、王勃之作少以人物行為、對話經營人物形象,務求精要敘事以呈現佛陀行跡,王勃則更重字句雕琢與韻律,展現其才學。相較下,佛傳文學在庶民間的傳播則重視人物行為、對話,以塑造血肉飽滿的人物形象,甚至渲染世俗人情以引發閱聽大眾共鳴。
在佛傳情節之取捨上,則可見以「八相」敘述太子成道故事,已成一重要敘事模式。然而在「八相」中,不同敘事者對於情節取捨各殊,大致可見:高僧、文士重視「法義」,王勃偏重以「轉法輪」、「涅槃」等情節表現佛法意義,當能有效吸引教內高僧與對義理感興趣之文士,故〈釋迦如來成道記〉在宋代以後即有僧人作注,歷代多有立碑,亦有將之與〈釋迦佛賦〉合刻者。
敦煌佛傳文學在情節上則關注「血脈」傳承,重視太子成道前半生「降誕」、「占相」、「納妃」、「出家」等親情糾葛,簡化佛理、少述涅槃,以貼近庶民百姓可感知的倫理、孝道進行渲染,在世俗化宣教過程中,當能起「先以欲鉤牽,後令入佛智」的化俗效果。而此等貼近世俗而豐富多樣的俗文作品,展現出至為豐沛的生命力,在唐以後仍有明、清寶卷如:〈悉達太子寶卷〉、〈雪山寶卷〉不斷宣傳、講唱,使太子成道故事不斷於世間流傳。

This thesis explores that the “Biography of Buddha” experienced the translation in Han dynasty and after being used in poetry and literature by a few eminent monks and literati before Tang dynasty; and then, till the Tang dynasty, how did it become more widely prevalent and as a result turned into an important literature subject. In this article, it respectively discussed the literature works of the biographies of Buddha made by three different social hierarchies, i.e. eminent monks, literati and common people, in Tang dynasty from their respective perspectives. Further, it fostered the biographies of Buddha to open up multiple facets, features and values in the literature in Tang dynasty.
In chapter one “Introduction”, it expounded the study background, motive, scope and method. Chapter two outlined the situation of translating into Chinese and spreading of biographies of Buddha before Tang dynasty. The creations using biographies of Buddha as their subject made by Zhi Dun in his early period could be seen. We also could see that Seng You’s Chronicle of Shakyamuni compiled Buddha biographies related scriptures, affected the Dao Xuan’s Chronicle of Shakyamuni Clan in Tang Dynasty. Besides, the stories of Buddha biographies also combined with the religious rituals, such as “Buddha’s birthday” , becoming the themes of literatis’ lyrical poetry works to express their feelings.
The content from chapter three to chapter six then focused on Tang dynasty. Discussion centers were respectively shed light on eminent monk Dao Xuan’s Chronicle of Shakyamuni Clan, literatus Wang Bo’s The Essay of Tathagata Shakyamuni’s Enlightenment and The Odes of Shakyamuni Buddha as well as the literature of Dun-huang’s Buddha biographies which were popular among the public. Among these chapters, it specified the spirit of “buddhism” and “missionary” in the works of Dao Xuan; investigated and discerned the possibility of “Whether Wang Bo was the author of the The Odes of Shakyamuni Buddha .”; as well as organized abundant Dun-huang’s Buddha biography literatures and meanwhile expounded its space, time and method as it was actually exhibited. In the conclusion, this study adopted a more broad perspective to deliberate the literature of Buddha biographies in Tang dynasty.
To sum up, about the biographies of Buddha in Tang dynasty, its quantity and form were obviously more than those of dynasties before Tang, therefore forming a peak of creation in Chinese history. Among the literati, Wang Bo, biographized for Buddha in two different types of literature genre, was indeed never seen before the Tang dynasty. With respect to the Dun-huang Buddha biography literatures prevailed in secular society in Tang dynasty, among Bian-Wen, lyric praises and practical writings there existed works using Buddha biographs as themes; and accordingly evolving multiple literature genres. Therefore, it is enough to ob
Table of contents第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與目的 1
一、研究背景 1
二、研究目的 6
第二節 義界與範疇 9
一、「佛傳文學」之界義 9
二、「唐代佛傳文學」之範疇 11
第三節 研究成果述評 13
一、宏觀論述 13
二、個別論述 15
第四節 研究方法與步驟 19
一、研究方法 19
二、研究步驟 21

第二章 佛傳漢譯與唐前之傳播 24
第一節 漢譯佛典中的佛傳 24
一、東漢之初譯佛傳:《修行本起經》、《中本起經》 25
二、三國之完整佛傳:《太子瑞應本起經》 26
三、西晉之別生佛傳:《異出菩薩本起經》 28
四、西晉之大乘佛傳:《普曜經》 29
五、苻秦之集經佛傳:《僧伽羅剎所集經》 30
六、東晉之微型佛傳:《佛說十二遊經》 31
七、南北朝詩讚佛傳:《佛所行讚》、《佛本行經》 31
八、劉宋譯初譯佛傳:《過去現在因果經》 33
九、隋代集大成佛傳:《佛本行集經》 35
十、唐譯之有部佛傳:《方廣大莊嚴經》、《根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事》 36

第二節 唐前佛傳之編寫與傳播 40
一、彙編之作 40
(一)《釋迦譜》之佛傳內容 40
(二)僧祐及其護法之作 43
(三)彙編風氣下的佛傳 46
二、詩歌運用 50
(一)支遁讚佛詩之化用 51
(二)王融〈法樂辭十二章〉 52
(三)梁簡文帝等
〈八關齋夜賦四城門更作四首〉 54
三、序讚碑記 56
(一)支遁〈釋迦文佛像讚并序〉 56
(二)沈約〈釋迦文佛像銘〉 60

第三章 高僧之佛傳創作 69
第一節 道宣《釋迦氏譜》之承衍 69
一、僧祐轉世 70
二、版本選擇 73
三、譜系架構 80
四、改寫特色 86
(一)精裁對話,敘事扼要 86
(二)潤飾文句,排偶表述 88
(三)增補地理,凸顯處中 90
(四)彰明八相,標目清晰 93
(五)援引漢籍,貼近中土 96
第二節 《廣弘明集》保存之唐代佛傳文學── 釋玄則〈禪林妙記前集序〉 98
一、《廣弘明集》選收之佛傳文學 98
二、玄則與《禪林妙記》證義 101
三、〈禪林妙記前集序〉之內容分析 103
四、〈禪林妙記前集序〉之佛傳特色 107

第四章 文士之佛傳創作 111
第一節 文士與佛傳之關係 111
第二節 王勃與佛教之關係 117
第三節 〈釋迦如來成道記〉之文學表現 122
一、創作年代 122
二、〈釋迦如來成道記〉之內容分析 123
三、〈釋迦如來成道記〉之佛傳特色 127
(一)八相俱足,重視傳法 127
(二)四六貫之,誠為典贍 128
(三)或字連用,鋪張宏麗 131
四、傳播與流行 132
第四節 〈釋迦佛賦〉之文學表現 134
一、王勃佚作之可能性 135
二、〈釋迦佛賦〉之內容分析與特色 148
(一)八相為幹,重視涅槃 149
(二)四六貫之,駢偶排比 151
(三)用典繁複,展現才學 152
(四)雕琢詞藻,避用俗語 154

第五章 庶民之佛傳文學 157
第一節 敦煌佛傳文學內容 157
一、變文 158
二、歌讚 177
三、應用文 188
第二節 敦煌佛傳文學之展演與傳播 194
一、佛傳文學之展演空間 196
二、佛傳文學之展演時間 203
三、佛傳文學之傳播方式 210
(一)講唱展演 210
(二)文字傳抄 215
第三節 敦煌佛傳文學之特色析論 217
一、篇幅精簡,以利宣教 218
二、取材八相,少述涅槃 220
三、剪裁諸經,渲染世情 222
四、敘事通俗,簡化佛理 225


第六章 結論 229
參考書目 232
Hits445
Created date2020.02.10
Modified date2023.01.09



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