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敦煌歸義軍政權與佛教石窟之研究=The study of Dunhuang Guiyi Circuit regime with buddhism by Mogao Grottoes |
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| Author |
許絹惠 (著)=Hsu, Chuan-hui (au.)
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| Date | 2018 |
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| Pages | 230 |
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| Publisher | 銘傳大學 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://web.mcu.edu.tw/
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| Location | 桃園市, 臺灣 [Taoyuean shih, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Degree | doctor |
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| Institution | 銘傳大學 |
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| Department | 應用中國文學系 |
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| Advisor | 汪娟 |
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| Publication year | 106 |
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| Keyword | 敦煌=Dunhuang; 歸義軍=Guiyi Circuit; 張議潮=Zhang Yichao; 張淮深=Zhang Huaishen; 曹議金=Cao Yijin; 曹元忠=Cao Yuanzhong |
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| Abstract | 由敦煌歸義軍政權對敦煌石窟的開鑿景況，可獲知當時對於佛教信仰的熱烈與虔誠。歷任歸義軍節度使之功德窟中，本文以極具代表性的莫高窟第156窟、第94窟、第98窟及第61窟為主要研究對象。
敦煌從漢代設郡，歷經十六國、北朝、隋代以及唐代的治理，其後為吐番所佔領。吐蕃佔領敦煌前後，其在佛教上的措施，為敦煌帶來社會、政治、經濟與宗教上的轉變，最終因贊普的佞佛，從而造成嚴重的社會經濟問題。歸義軍節度使張議潮，除了解決持續惡化的社會經濟現象外，亦使用佛教信仰，作為化解社會不安的穩定力量。
張議潮的功德窟第156窟將四天王繪於前室，此具有啟建壇場之意。又以密教觀音圖像繪於窟頂、甬道頂的位置，此連結至上方第161窟及其窟頂土塔，此連結關係，除了是吐蕃塔窟組合的遺緒外，亦使之成為修法儀軌的壇場。
曹議金功德窟第98窟，從窟頂千佛所據經典來源的確定，與該窟將四天王繪於窟頂四角的位置，由此該窟有做為護國道場的可能。
曹元忠的文殊堂第61窟，窟內西壁畫五臺山為主題，在中央佛壇上，塑有文殊群像，強調以五臺山文殊信仰為中心。而在其壁畫與塑像之間的連結，亦蘊含佛教顯密互用的關係。
由歸義軍時期政權功德窟的空間設計，可見佛教義理的體現，將理論式的義理，透過空間轉為實踐行徑。而結壇文的頻繁出現，亦可窺見此時期儀軌對於敦煌佛教的影響。
This paper is mainly devoted to the regime of Dunhuang Guiyi Circuit. From its excavation of the Mogao Grottoes, we can understand people’s enthusiasm and devoutness toward Buddhism at that time. This paper considers Mogao Cave 156, Cave 94, Cave 98, and Cave 61—the caves constructed in honor of previous military commissioners—as the research objects.
Around the Tibetan Dunhuang rule, measures implemented on Buddhism had brought social, political, economic, and religious transformation for Dunhuang; however, due to Tsenpo’s ingratiating worship of Buddhism, severe socio-economic problems were generated. The military commissioner of Guiyi Circuit Zhang Yichao resolved the increasingly deteriorating socio-economic problems through political strategies; Buddhist belief was used as a force to stabilize the social unrest. Inside the Mogao Cave 156 constructed in his honor, the Four Heavenly Kings were depicted in the front chamber to build up a mandala. In addition, the Bodhisattva of Esoteric Buddhism was painted on top of the grotto and on the ceiling of the processional road that connects to the Cave 161 and the pagoda on top; this combination of Pagoda and Grotto was not only a legacy of Tibetan architecture but was also intended to be built as the mandala of Buddhism practices and rituals.
This paper analyzes the Cave 98 constructed in honor of Cao Yijin through the National Protection Scripture Golden Light Sutra. Based on the source of sutra of the Thousand Buddha motif painted on the ceiling and the Four Heavenly Kings depicted on the four corners of the cave, it can be deduced that this cave was possibly used as a nation-protecting bodhimanda. Inside the Cave 61, known as the Manjushri’s Hall of Cao Yuanzhong, the panorama of Mount Wutai (Shanxi Province) occupies the west wall, and the statue of Manjushri is depicted on the Central Alter, which emphasizes that the sacred Mount Wutai Manjushri is important. The belief of Mount Wutai comprises two elements: The Manjushri Bodhisatva and the illustration of Mount Wutai. The shape of Mount Wutai and the philosophy revered were combined together in one cave through the layout. Between the frescoes and the statue, the interoperate relation between Exoteric and Tantra Buddhism were also connected. From the caves honored to different military commissioners, it can be inferred that, during the regime of the Guiyi Circuit, the space design of the Mogao Caves could better embody the Buddhist philosophy, which implies that Buddhism rituals were highly valued during that time. |
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| Table of contents | 第一章、緒論 1
一、 研究背景與動機 1
二、 前人研究與述論 4
三、 研究範圍與材料 9
四、 研究問題與方法 10
第二章 吐蕃的宗教措施與歸義軍的佛教發展 17
一、 吐蕃佔領敦煌前的佛教情形 21
二、 吐蕃佔領敦煌後的佛教措施 31
三、 歸義軍前期敦煌的佛教發展 45
四、 歸義軍後期敦煌的佛教融攝 57
小結 60
第三章 第156窟：張議潮功德窟的塔窟組合 63
一、開窟背景與石窟內容 64
二、吐蕃塔窟的垂直組合 70
三、啟建壇場與空間轉換 76
四、從密教遺存到顯教經變 84
小結 98
第四章 第94窟：張淮深功德窟經變組合 101
一、 開窟背景與石窟內容 101
二、 張淮深及其相關碑文 108
三、 莫高窟同期石窟參照 114
四、 窟內經變的組合蠡測 122
小結 133
第五章 第98窟：曹議金大王窟的護國道場 137
一、開窟背景與石窟內容 138
二、《金光明經》的護國思維 141
三、窟頂千佛的護國助行 148
四、窟頂天王的護國意識 155
小結 162
第六章 第61窟：曹元忠文殊堂的顯體密用 163
一、 開窟背景與石窟內容 164
二、 主室經變的南北對置 172
三、 佛壇與五臺山圖的呼應 175
四、 佛壇與窟頂四披的連結 188
小結 193
第七章 結論 195
附錄 一 歸義軍時期大事紀年表 203
參考書目 209 |
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| Hits | 362 |
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| Created date | 2020.02.11 |
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| Modified date | 2023.02.03 |
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