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從美藏三尊日本兜跋毘沙門像管窺毘沙門崇拜在東亞的興起=Tobatsu Bishamon: Three Japanese Statues in the United States and an Outline of the Rise of This Cult in East Asia |
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| Author |
葛然諾=Granoff, Phyllis
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| Source |
華林國際佛學學刊=Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies
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| Volume | v.1 n.1 《佛教在西方》專刊 |
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| Date | 2018.05 |
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| Pages | 89 - 131 |
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| Publisher | World Scholastic Publishers |
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| Publisher Url |
http://www.worldscholastic.com/
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| Location | Singapore [新加坡] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 作者單位: 耶魯大學教授 |
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| Keyword | 兜跋毘沙門天=Tobatsu bishamonten; 毘沙門天崇拜=Vaiśravaṇa cult; 散脂大將=Pāñcika; 法羅=Pharo; 神聖王權=sacred sovereignty |
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| Abstract | 兜跋毘沙門天是日本對毘沙門天的獨特稱謂，不見於漢語文獻。在佛經和傳說中，毘沙門天都被描述為富貴長壽之神，也是守護佛法和國土的戰神。在圖像學上特點是由地天女神撐托，身穿盔甲，頭戴多邊寶冠，冠有鳥形，兩肩有焰輪，胸前有日月輪。本文的目的是考索毘沙門信仰在東亞的興起與及其根源。通過分析日本、中國、中亞、西藏、印度以及伊朗的圖像和文獻資料，筆者指出，于闐的毘沙門造像即是日本所見兜跋造像。在于闐，其崇拜與當地神聖王權緊密結合在一起。從這一線索入手，筆者發現毘沙門信仰有兩處神格的融合，一為伊朗的王權之神法羅，二為印度象徵財富的混合神格“散脂大將-俱毘羅-毘沙門天”。其圖像學特徵均可以由此得以解釋。在向漢地和日本傳播的過程中，除保留了財富和守護的神格，又融入了地方民間信仰；在藝術造型上，也逐漸脫去異域色彩，迎合本土審美要求。
Tobatsu bishamonten 兜跋毘沙門天 is the Japanese name for Vaiśravaṇa and is not found in Chinese sources. In Buddhist sūtras and legends, Vaiśravaṇa is generally portrayed as the deity of wealth and longevity, as well as a warrior god that protects the dharma and the sovereignty of kingdom. In terms of iconography, Vaiśravaṇa is identifiable by the adjoining Goddess Pṛthvī, the armor, the multi-sided bird-shaped crown, the flamed wheel behind two shoulders, and the wheels of sun and moon on the chest. The purpose of this article is to investigate the rise of Vaiśravaṇa in East Asia and the historical root of the East Asian Vaiśravaṇa. By analyzing the iconographical and textual sources in Japan, China, Central Asia, Tibet, India and Iran, I postulate that the Japanese Tobatsu bishamonten is related to the Khotanese Vaiśravaṇa. In Khotan, the worship of Vaiśravaṇa is closely associated with the royal power—a clue which I will investigate in order to show that Vaiśravaṇa combines the profile of two deities: Pharo, the god of Persian royalty and Pāñcika-Kuvera-Vaiśravaṇa, the Indian god of wealth. This postulate could explain the particularities in Vaiśravaṇa’s iconography. Moreover, as the Vaiśravaṇa cult spread to China and Japan, it not only preserved its association with wealth and protection, but also incorporated folk beliefs. In its iconography, Vaiśravaṇa also gradually shed its foreign characteristics and adapted to local aesthetics. |
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| Table of contents | 一、三尊日本兜跋毘沙門像 91
二、日本兜跋毘沙門之崇拜 97
三、中國的兜跋毘沙門天 105
四、中亞的兜跋毘沙門天 110
五、貴霜帝國的毘沙門天 116
六、兜跋毘沙門天的起源及其象徵意義 117
七、結論 125
參考文獻 126 |
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| ISSN | 27050742 (P) |
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| DOI | 10.6939/HIJBS.201804_1(1).0004 |
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| Hits | 267 |
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| Created date | 2021.03.03 |
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| Modified date | 2021.03.19 |
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