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《摩奴法典》人類思想的演變成為宗教起點來源=“The Laws of Manu” The Beginning of Religious History Which Was Formulated from Human Philosophy
Author 釋法緣 (著)=Shih, Fa-yuan (au.)
Date2021
Pages91
Publisher華梵大學
Publisher Url https://www.hfu.edu.tw/
Location新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution華梵大學
Department東方人文思想研究所
Advisor黄俊威
Publication year109
Keyword《摩奴法典》=The Code of Manu; 奧義書=Upanishads; 最初的佛教=Initial Buddhism; 實踐與戒律=Practice and Precepts
Abstract《摩奴法典》成書於西元前500年,為古印度婆羅門教法典,是當時的祭司根據吠陀經典與沿襲的風俗習慣,所編成的聖典,主軸以四姓與四住期制度為主,內容包括諸神的創造、婚姻、生計、齋戒、苦行、種姓行為的規範涵蓋社會文化,相當於當時人的宗教義務與社會義務。
至西元前6世紀與西元前3世紀之後,婆羅門教後興起的《奧義書》與《瑜伽經》,兩者成書於吠陀晚期,其已對於婆羅門教繁瑣的祭儀、神祕的咒術、種姓階級制度等多有不滿,而改成以「梵我同一」和「輪迴解脫」為軸心,注人了人文與理性的氣息,打破傳統婆羅門的宗教壟斷的。
佛陀時當吠陀晚期或吠陀時期結束後不久,初始佛教之開展,突破婆羅門教「種姓起源神話」下封閉系統之下,人與人間存在著天然的不平等,佛陀更注重現實經驗、重視變化、尊重自由思考、主張眾生平等,唯有智慧了悟成就才是最高之法 。
探討這些問題意識,與觀察從婆羅門教到初始佛教的教義轉變,不僅能幫助人們理解,那些盤根糾結於古印度社會文化土壤底層,人類思想意識之最初淵源是如何被形塑的,以及在吠陀時期前後千年左右,印度文明與人類智慧結晶,是如何得到了一次質與量的線性飛升;印度社會從《摩奴法典》僅只是人類社會思想的集結,轉變為具有實質意義救苦救難的人間宗教。

The Code of Manu was written in 500 BC. It is an ancient Indian Brahmanism code, and was a sacred book compiled by priests at the time based on Vedic scriptures and inherited customs. The main axis of The Code of Manu is the four-surname and four-dwelling system. The content includes the creation of gods, marriage, livelihood, fasting, asceticism, and caste system, such as all kind of social behaviors. The norms cover all over the ancient Indian social culture, which is equivalent to the religious and social obligations of people at that time.
Buddhism was emerged in between the late Vedic period or shortly after the end of the Vedic period. The initial development of Buddhism broke through the closed system under the Brahman "caste origin myth", that there is natural inequality between human beings. The Buddha paid more attention to practical experience, the changes of life, respect for free will, and advocate the equality of all beings. Buddha believed that only wisdom, comprehension of the truth is the highest law for eternal life.
Exploring these major issues, and observing the doctrines change from Brahmanism to the original Buddhism, this study can not only help people to understand how the original origins of human ideology and consciousness were shaped. Those religious entanglement in the bottom of ancient Indian social and cultural soil and were long lasting in thousands of years before and after the Vedic period. We could find how did Indian civilization and human wisdom obtain a linear ascent; Indian society changed from the "Code of Manu" that just merely a collection of human social thoughts and transformed into a world of substantive relief and religion.
Table of contents摘要 I
Abstract II
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題意識 1
第二節 研究動機 1
第三節 文獻探討 4
一、 摩奴法論 4
二、 婆羅門思想與四行期 5
第四節 研究限制 7

第二章 佛陀的生活四時段 9
第一節 作為「梵行期」的佛陀 9
第二節 作為「家居期」的佛陀 16
第三節 作為「林居期」的佛陀 21
第四節 作為「雲遊期」的佛陀 25

第三章 摩奴法典四時段與佛法四行期 29
第一節 佛法的修行法門與四行期 29
第二節 婆羅門教的修行法門與四時段 30
第三節 佛教與婆羅門教之修行法門與四時期(段)之比較 41

第四章 佛陀時代各宗教經濟觀的比較 45
第一節 婆羅門的經濟觀 47
第二節 耆那教的經濟觀 53
第三節 佛教的經濟觀 56

第五章 結論 81
第一節 從《摩奴法典》、《奧義書》到原始佛教 81
第二節 從人類思想的集結到宗教的起源 83
參考文獻 85
附錄 92
摩奴法典 92
第一卷 創造 92
第二卷淨法梵志期 97
第三卷 婚姻 家長的義務 110
第四卷 生計 戒律 123
第五卷 齋戒和淨法的規定 婦女的義務 134
第六卷 林棲和苦行的義務 142
第七卷 國王和剎帝利的行為 146
第八卷 法官的任務 民法與刑法 155
第九卷 民法與刑法 吠舍和首陀羅的義務 176
第十卷 雜種種姓 處困境時 191
第十一卷 苦行與贖罪 197
第十二卷 輪迴 最後解脫 209
The Laws of Manu 216
(CHAPTER I) 216
(CHAPTER II) 221
(CHAPTER III) 235
(CHAPTER IV) 251
(CHAPTER V) 264
(CHAPTER VI) 273
(CHAPTER VII) 278
(CHAPTER VIII) 290
(CHAPTER IX) 311
(CHAPTER X) 328
(CHAPTER XI) 335
(CHAPTER XII) 349
Hits229
Created date2021.11.01
Modified date2023.01.18



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