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後周 世宗의 고민과 폐불령=Emperor Shizong’s Woes and His Imperial Decree of Buddhist Persecution
Author 장미란 (著)=Zhang, Mei-lan (au.)
Source 불교연구=佛教研究=Bulgyo-Yongu
Volumev.45 n.0
Date2016.08.30
Pages127 - 164
Publisher韓國佛教研究院
Publisher Url http://kibs.or.kr/xe/
LocationKorea [韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보: 동국대학교 다르마칼리지 초빙교수
Keyword오대십국=the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China; 오대=the Five Dynasties in China; 후주=Later Zhou; 세종=Emperor Shizong; 폐불=Buddhist Persecution in China
Abstract중국불교사에 일명 ‘三武一宗의 法難’이라 하여 불교계 절멸의 위기를 맞는 4번의 강력한 불교탄압사건이 있다. 五代 後周시대 世宗의 廢佛은 마지막인 네 번째에 해당한다. 오대시대는 당나라가 멸망한 907년부터 송나라가 건립된 960년까지 중원지역에서 흥망한 다섯 왕조이며, 후주는 이 중에 마지막 왕조의 시대이다.
오대는 지방을 근거지로 하는 무인세력이 지배한 시대이고 당송변혁기, 근세로의 과도기라 불리는 중요한 시대로, 과감한 개혁이 행해진다. 특히 후주의 세종(921-959, 재위 954-959)의 개혁은 과감하였고, 명군이라 불리고 송나라 태조와 태종이 그의 정책을 이어받았다고 할 만큼 영향력이 컸다. 그는 군사, 정치, 경제, 사회, 민생 등 모든 분야에서 개혁을 단행하였고, 이것은 송대 이후 중앙집권적 절대군주제의 기반이 된다. 불교를 포함한 종교계도 역시 개혁의 대상에서 예외는 아니었다. 그의 군주로서의 목표는 부국강병과 민생안정으로, 시급한 문제가 군사와 경제 개혁이었다. 논, 밭, 농노 등 경제적으로 풍부했던 사원의 재산, 노동력과 세금을 면제받는 승려, 사신행과 같은 지나친 종교행위를 일삼는 불교교단 등의 요소들은 세종 개혁의 정리대상으로서 충분하였다. 세종은 존립시킬 사원과 승려의 엄격한 기준 마련, 출가 자격과 승인절차(도첩제)의 제도화, 사신행 금지 등을 내용으로 폐불령을 단행한다. 폐불령 시행은 일방적이었으나, 그 내용은 합리적이었다. 무조건적인 탄압이 아니었다는 것이다. 여기에는 공덕사를 역임했던 경험도 한 몫 했을 것이다. 이러한 폐불단행은 군주로서 통일이라는 정치목표와 맞닿은 것이었고 군대개혁에 따른 경제적인 이유가 컸다. 후주 세종의 폐불 단행으로 불교계는 중앙집권적 절대군주제인 송대에 완전하게 국가권력의 지배하에 놓이게 된다. 불교교단이 율에 의한 자율적인 운영이 아닌 국가가 만든 제도의 틀 안에서 유지되는 결과를 가져온 것이다.

Among all the big and small Buddhist oppressions in China, the Four Buddhist Persecutions were full scale suppressions of Buddhism carried out by four Chinese emperors, i.e., the sanwuyizong (three Wu and one Zong). This treatise examines the fourth by Emperor Shizong 世宗 (921-959, r. 954-959) of the Later Zhou 後周 (951-960), executed in 955. In China, the state authority was an absolute one and took precedence over religions, and the Buddhist circle had to accept the orders of the emperor unilaterally. Although the Persecution did Buddhism unrecoverable damages, at the same time, it can be said to help Buddhists to adapt to the changes of the Chinese society and Buddhism to become more “Sinicized.”
A Buddhist persecution in any period occurs as a result of complex interactions of the situations of Buddhists, the characteristics of the executing emperor, and the conditions of the state affairs. Hence I will first examine the characteristics of the Five Dynasties in China, the propensities of Emperor Shizong and his reformations to learn the process of his Buddhist persecution and its implications. In the analysis of the Persecution, I will also investigate its purposes and establish the meanings of it in the history of Chinese Buddhism.
The Later Zhou was the last in a succession of five dynasties that controlled most of northern China which lasted from 907 to 960. The Five Dynasties was the era of military governing and the transition period to the modern nation, bridging the gap between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. The emperors in this period carried out drastic reformations and especially Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou executed an all-out reformation of social, economic, political, military areas and the livelihoods of the public. He was a rational governor and his reformations laid the foundation of the centralized absolute monarchy.
Religions including Buddhism were no exception from his reformations. His goals as a governor were national prosperity and defense as well as stablization of public welfare, and reformations in military and economic areas were the most pressing challenges. The affluence of temples including fields, paddies, and slaves, the status of monks exempt from forced labor and tax, the excessiveness of religious activities such as the bodily mortification (捨身行; lit. practice of abandonment of the body) were all primary targets of reformation for Emperor Shizong. He issued a decree of Buddhist Persecution in 955, including clauses of setting a strict criterion of state authorized temples and higher requirements for entering priesthood, systemizing the qualifications of priesthood and monk certificates, banning the practice of bodily mortification, etc.
Although the decree was unilateral, its clauses were reasonable. It was not a blind oppression. The purposes of the Buddhist Persecution were connected with his political aims as a governor and mostly economically motivated. Emperor Shizong’s Buddhist Persecution made a great contribution in the su
Table of contentsⅠ. 서언 129
Ⅱ. 五代시대의 근세과도기적 특성 131
1. 절도사체제의 무인정치 131
2. 唐宋變革期로서의 五代 132
3. 五代왕조의 종교정책 135
Ⅲ. 世宗의 名君으로서의 면모 138
Ⅳ. 廢佛의 단행과 의미 145
1. 폐불령의 시행 145
2. 폐불의 의미 154
Ⅴ. 결어 158
ISSN12253154 (P)
Hits99
Created date2022.01.15
Modified date2022.01.15



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