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宗密禪師의 時代認識과 ‘三敎會通’=Chan Master Zongmi's Recognition of the Times and Reconciliation of the Three Religions
Author 김진무 (著)=Kim, Jin-moo (au.)
Source 선학=禪學=Journal of Seon Studies
Volumev.27 n.0
Date2010.12.30
Pages41 - 80
Publisher韓國禪學會
Publisher Url http://www.seonstudy.org/seon/
LocationKorea [韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보: 동국대학교
Keyword규봉종밀=Guifeng Zhongmi=圭峯宗密; 선교화회=reconciliation of Chan and the doctrine=禪敎和會; 삼교회통 =unification of the three religions=三敎會通; 전수전간=entire distinguishing and accepting=全收全揀; 유불통합=unity of Confucianism and Buddhism=儒佛統合
Abstract불교가 중국에 전래되면서 끊임없이 儒․道 兩敎와 ‘合一’의 노선을 걷게 되는데, 그것은 ‘오랑캐[夷]의 저급한 문화가 중국민족[夏]의 우월한 문화를 망치기 때문에 방어해야 한다’는 ‘夷夏之防’의 벽을 극복하기 위한 과정으로부터 비롯된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 三敎合一의 과정을 思想史를 통하여 개관했으며, 晩唐시기 宗密에 의하여 제시된 ‘禪敎和會’와 ‘三敎會通’의 思想的 근거와 그 형식, 그리고 그를 통해 宗密禪師의 時代認識을 고찰하였다.
魏晋․南北朝시기 佛道之爭의 과정에서 이미 불교를 중심으로 三敎合一의 기본적인 노선이 제시되었고, 隋代에 들어서면서 이른바 ‘三敎鼎立’으로 귀결된다. 그러나 唐代에 이르러 다시 道敎에서 불교를 비판하기 시작하였고, 儒敎에 있어서도 한편으로는 불교를 비판했지만, 儒敎의 부흥을 위해 儒家의 입장에서 불교를 통합하자는 ‘儒佛統合’의 움직임이 일어나 宗密의 시대에 이르러서는 이미 하나의 思潮를 형성하였다. 이러한 儒佛統合의 분위기에서 宗密은 내부적으로는 禪敎의 對立을 해소하고자 ‘禪敎和會’를 제창하고, 외부적으로는 불교를 중심으로 儒․道 兩敎를 융섭하는 ‘三敎會通’을 제창한다.
禪敎和會에 있어서는 기본적으로 禪․敎 모두 釋迦牟尼佛의 가르침으로 인정하고, 스스로 세운 궁극적인 진리를 ‘空寂靈知’로 설정하여 그를 기준으로 다양하게 禪․敎를 분류해 비판적 방법인 ‘가림[揀]’과 攝受의 방법인 ‘거둠[收]’을 통하여 禪․敎의 대립을 和會시키고자 한다. 또한 三敎에 있어서도 마찬가지로 기본적으로는 모두 聖人의 가르침으로 인정하지만, 역시 深淺의 차별이 있어 ‘가림[揀]’과 ‘거둠[收]’을 통하여 會通을 모색한다.
이러한 宗密의 ‘禪敎和會’와 ‘三敎會通’의 제시에는 당시 시대적인 위기를 불교적으로 극복하고자 했던 의도가 담겨 있다. 즉 내부적으로는 禪․敎의 대립을 止揚하고, 외부적으로는 시대 思潮로 형성된 儒佛統合에 대응해 불교의 입장에서 儒․道 兩敎를 通攝하여 시대적 위기를 극복하고자 하였던 의도를 충분히 엿볼 수 있다. 이러한 宗密의 ‘禪敎和會’, ‘三敎會通’은 이후 불교뿐만 아니라 역대의 중국사상, 理學이나 心學 등의 형성에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있고, 나아가 역대로 한국이나 일본의 불교와 사상에도 심원한 영향을 미친다.

After Buddhism was first transmitted to China, it constantly sought to associate with Confucianism and Daoism, and this was done from the efforts to overcome the mental barriers that the barbarian(or foreign) vulgar culture should be prevented from entering as it would harm the superior Chinese nation's culture. This paper offered a general overview of a process of unifying the three religions in terms of the history of thought and then investigated the factors such as: the ideological foundations and forms of the 'reconciliation of Chan and the doctrine'(禪敎和會); the 'unity of the three religions'(三敎會通) which Zhongmi proposed at the later Tang period; and his recognition of the times.
The basic idea of uniting the three religions while focusing on Buddhism was presented in the course of the conflict between Buddhism and Daoism as early as at Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties, and then at early Sui Dynasty it resulted in so called the 'tripartite confrontation of the three religions'(三敎鼎立). By the time of Tang Dynasty, however, Daoism began to criticize Buddhism again, and Confucianism, on the one hand, criticized Buddhism but, on the other, held the 'unification of Confucianism and Buddhism'(儒佛統合) from the standpoint of Confucianism, which continued until Zhongmi's times forming the spirit of age. In such atmospheres Zongmi advocated the 'reconciliation of Chan and the doctrine'(禪敎和會) inside and promoted the 'unification of the three religions'(三敎會通) using Buddhism as the center.
As for the former theory, Zhongmi attempted to reconcile Chan and the doctrine basically acknowledging both Chan and the doctrine as the Buddha Sakyamuni's teachings; set up the concept of 'void calmness and numinous awareness'(空寂靈知) of his own making as the ultimate truth; classified Chan and the doctrines into a variety of ways using this concept; and tried to remove the antagonism between Chan and the doctrine by way of 'distinguishing'(揀) and 'accepting'(收). In addition, in the matter of the latter or the three religions, he acknowledged all the three were the teachings of the saints and sought for reconciliation among them through this 'distinguishing' and 'accepting' according to their respective degree of depths.
Zhongmi's 'reconciliation of Chan and the doctrine' and 'unification of the three religions' were intended to overcome the crisis of the times by using Buddhism. To deal with such a crisis, he evidently had an intention to sublate the confrontation of Chan and the doctrine on the inside and at the same time interpenetrate both Confucianism and Daoism in response to the then trend of unity of Confucianism and Buddhism on the outside. These two concepts Zhongmi proposed had had strong influences on the later formation of Buddhism, traditional Chinese ideologies, the study of principle(理學), and the study of the mind
Table of contentsⅠ. 緖言 41
Ⅱ. ‘三敎會通’의 淵源과 唐代의 儒佛統合 42
Ⅲ. 宗密의 ‘三敎會通’과 ‘禪敎和會’ 56
1. ‘禪敎和會’의 理論的 根據와 論理 57
2. ‘三敎會通’의 根據와 形式 67
Ⅳ. 結語: 宗密禪師의 時代認識과 思想史的 評價 72
ISSN15980588 (P)
Hits118
Created date2022.04.03
Modified date2022.04.16



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