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從成人到成神:明代吳鵬的生平事蹟與修行轉昇研究=From Manhood to Becoming a Deity: A Study on Wu Peng's Life And His Taoist Practice to Godhood-Promotion in the Ming Dynasty
Author 陳昱甫 (著)=Chen, Yu-fu (au.)
Date2021
Pages217
Publisher國立臺灣師範大學
Publisher Url https://www.ntnu.edu.tw/
Location臺北市, 臺灣 [Taipei shih, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreedoctor
Institution國立臺灣師範大學
Department國文學系
Advisor謝聰輝=Hsieh, Tsung-hui
Publication year109
Keyword吳鵬=Wu Peng; 瑜珈法教=Tantric yoga; 神譜=Theogony; 出身修行=Biography and Practice; 成神之道=Paths of becoming gods
Abstract論文題目訂為《從成人到成神:明代吳鵬的生平事蹟與修行轉昇研究》,旨在經由《年譜》、《文集》和《四庫全書》與地方志等史料文獻的搜集、比對和考證,輔之以福建閩中地區田野調查的資料,研究明代吏部尚書吳鵬,如何從成人之道的完滿,發展到成神之道的圓滿,從成人到成神又具備哪些條件與過程。即是究竟具備哪些主、客觀條件:主觀層面包括吳鵬的生平事蹟、仕途經歷、交友關係、神異經驗與塑造的人格特質等;客觀層面則涉及明代的歷史脈絡、時空背景、社會氛圍等特殊的機緣,以及對於江南道教、佛教的影響,使得江南一帶與瑜珈法教的有識之士或群體,肯定吳鵬的修煉與貢獻,而將之納入瑜珈法教神譜中視為傳法祖師。

  本文聚焦於「從成人到成神」和「吳鵬的生平事蹟與修行轉昇」,在緒論與結論之外,再分為五章:第貳章、第參章,考察吳鵬的家世淵源、年少經驗與仕途經歷,進而擴展到親緣、地緣與業緣等社會關係網絡,解決《明史》等史料文獻,對於吳鵬偏頗的評價,以及《明史》為何未收錄〈吳鵬列傳〉的課題,發現晚明的黨爭相當激烈,以及《明史》編修者的問題,導致閱讀明代的史料文獻,都具有未盡公允之處,通過多方的視角以建構本文判讀史料文獻的標準,進而深入到各章的考察。第肆章、第伍章,關注吳鵬從成人到成神,具備的主、客觀條件,一是賑饑、治河與禦叛,符合《禮記》功烈於民的標準,成為生祠的祠廟神。二是具有非常的出身與修行,以及諸多神異經驗的啟迪,還有實際精進不懈的修行,更設有乩壇──集慶壇,師承萬崙谷仙翁的教導,又對於儒、釋、道的經典,都具有傳播與流傳的貢獻,加諸和雲谷禪師的淵源,得以被瑜珈法教尊奉為傳法祖師──吳公太宰。第陸章聚焦於明代瑜珈法教神譜的轉變與傳播,發現瑜珈法教積極的向中央政府靠攏,通過政府肯定的天臺山、嵩公道德、吳公太宰等,建構自身的正統性、合法性與權威性,此外,根據目前閱讀所及,神譜的祖師又具有「嵩公道德、吳公太宰」與「淨光和尚、吳公太宰」兩種組合,佛教史上的淨光和尚對於天臺宗具有重大的貢獻,然而,卻和吳公太宰的聯繫薄弱,故進而將淨光一詞置於嵩、吳祖師的脈絡思考,發現以雲谷禪師為中介的師傳者,淨光還具有經典與儀式的內涵,所以瑜珈法教神譜以嵩、吳祖師為主。與此同時,發現晚明歷經農民起義、明清鼎革等動亂,使得南明王朝的軍隊、義士與遺民,逐漸從浙江移入福建繼續固守或避難,瑜珈法教也隨之傳播至閩中地區。

The topic of doctoral thesis focused on From Manhood to Becoming a Deity: A Study on Wu Peng's Life and His Practice to Godhood-Promotion in the Ming Dynasty.Through the way of collection, comparison and textual research to find the historical documents such as Chronicles(“Wu taizao gong nianpu” 《吳太宰公年譜》), anthology (“Feihong ting ji” 《飛鴻亭集》) and """"Siku Quanshu""""(《四庫全書》) and local chronicles, supplemented with data from field surveys in the Minzhong area of Fujian, this article studied how Wu Peng, the civil official in the Ming Dynasty, learned from the developed way of manhood to becoming a perfect deity. What the key points of the subjective conditions were his Life story, official career, network of relationships, miraculous experience, and the other of the objective conditions were historical context in the Ming dynasty, social background, and influence of Taoism and Buddhism in Jiangnan area. Therefore the elite community in Jiangnan area and disciples of Tantric yoga agree with Wu Peng’s Taoist practice and contribution that they regarded him as a preach founder in the theogony of Tantric yoga.
This doctoral thesis was divided into preface, the other five parts and conclusions. In the chapter two and three, it was focused on Wu Peng’s biography (“Wupeng Liezhuan”〈吳鵬列傳〉) and his family history, youthhood change, and career experience, and then expanded to social relations networks such as kinship, geography, and career. It was solved to the problem that historical materials to Wu Peng had biased evaluation, and the doubt why historical documents did not include """"Wu Peng Biography"""" in the manuscript of Ming history (“Mingshi gao”《明史稿》) . The reason was discovered that the party disputes in the late Ming Dynasty were quite fierce and the problems of the editors in the manuscript of Ming history led to the unfair points of reading the historical documents of the Ming Dynasty. Through a variety of perspectives, the standard for the interpretation of historical documents was constructed in this article, and then it went deep into the other chapters. Chapters four and five focused on one’s status that Wu Peng had from manhood to becoming a deity in some subjective and objective conditions. The first is to relieve hunger, manage rivers, and resist rebellion, which his heroic deeds in accordance with the standards of the """"Book of Rites"""" that protect the people from harm and became an alive deity at the shrine. The second is to have extraordinary background and practice, as well as his enlightenment from many miraculous experiences that made him to reveal practical diligence and unremitting practice. He set up a sacred field Jiqing altar, which he was under the fairy old man’s teachings in Wanlungu (萬崙谷), and his contribution to spread the thought of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism classics. In addition, from the origins of Zen Master Yungu (雲谷禪師), he can be respected as the patriarch of Tantric yoga, Wu Gong Dazai (吳公
Table of contents第壹章、緒論 1
第一節、研究義界與動機 1
(一)研究義界 1
(二)研究動機 2
(三)主要運用的文獻與抄本資料 2
第二節、前人研究析論 4
(一)吳鵬的研究 4
(二)瑜珈法教的研究 4
(三)從成人到成神研究 6
(四)明代的相關研究 7
第三節、問題意識 11
(一)彈劾案與〈吳鵬列傳〉刪訂的相關課題 11
(二)吳鵬功烈於民到位列生祠的相關考察 11
(三)出身修行與神異經驗的相關問題 12
(四)瑜珈法教在明代演變與傳播的背景與相關討論 12
(五)吳鵬在師承關係上的相關考釋 12
第四節、研究理論與方法的運用 12
(一)研究理論的運用 12
(二)研究方法的運用 15
第五節、章節架構與各章重點 16

第貳章、吳鵬的家世淵源與仕途經歷 19
第一節、吳鵬的生平與家庭環境概述 20
(一)書香世家的成長環境 20
(二)生平重要事蹟概述 21
(三)胞弟吳鶴對吳鵬的影響 23
第二節、吳鵬考取進士前的經歷(1500-1523) 25
(一)顯露聰穎早慧、經略四方的特質(1500-1515) 25
(二)從博士弟子員到考取進士(1516-1523) 27
第三節、仕途歷練為百官中第一人──陞任天官冢宰 29
(一)吳鵬位居吏部尚書之前的仕途經歷 29
(二)吳鵬被廷推為吏部尚書 32
(三)明.嘉靖三十五年(1556)三月,就任吏部尚書 36
第四節、結語 42

第參章、吳鵬的社會關係網絡及其評價 45
第一節、家族聯姻拓展江南的名望 46
(一)吳鵬的家族世系 46
(二)吳鵬的家族聯姻 49
第二節、吳鵬在地方的良好互動與評價 51
(一)嘉興族黨、鄰里間的互動關係 52
(二)嘉興牌坊、碑記具顯文化與宗教意義 54
(三)獲得前賢與仕紳們的肯定 57
(四)遊歷名山勝地蘊含宗教情致 60
第三節、〈吳鵬列傳〉與相關品評的商榷 65
(一)〈行狀〉、〈墓誌銘〉與〈傳〉的讚揚 65
(二)《明史》編修導致〈吳鵬列傳〉的散佚 68
(三)萬斯同《明史稿》內〈吳鵬列傳〉之價值 70
第四節、結語 72

第肆章、功烈於民的祠廟神──賑饑、治河與禦叛 75
第一節、吳鵬的仕宦勳業總評 76
第二節、奉敕賑饑和抵禦賊寇 77
(一)吳鵬奉敕賑濟徐、邳十七州縣的始末 77
(二)吳鵬奉敕賑濟期間──奉敕視察河道的相關奏疏 80
(三)《飛鴻亭集》奉敕賑濟的相關記載討論 82
(四)抵禦賊寇,保衛皇陵 86
(五)《飛鴻亭集》對於抵禦賊寇的相關析論 89
第三節、成人之道的完滿轉昇為祠廟神──大德祠 90
(一)「大德祠」興建的緣由 90
(二)大德祠的呈請程序、社會功能 91
(三)沛縣人民對於「大德祠」的態度 93
(四)吳鵬事竣還朝與致仕歷沛的記載討論 96
(五)《飛鴻亭集》對於沛縣人民的記載分析 98
第四節、結語 99

第伍章、吳鵬的非常出身與修行 101
第一節、吳鵬的出身敘述 102
(一)非常的出身──上元天官大帝 102
(二)明代上元天官大帝的思想 103
第二節、宗教、功行與神異的啟迪 105
(一)晚明扶乩召仙的盛行 105
(二)運乩召仙結社 108
(三)吳鵬師承萬崙谷仙翁 110
(四)神異經驗與事蹟的意涵 114
第三節、致仕歸鄉、精進修行 122
(一)晚年娛老、修行的場所野樂園 122
(二)退隱後的修行事蹟分析 123
(三)道教修煉的嚮往──龍沙讖 130
第四節、結語 132

第陸章、瑜珈法教神譜的發展、轉變與傳播 135
第一節、瑜珈法教與神譜的發展 136
(一)瑜珈法教的意涵 136
(二)瑜珈法教神譜的演變 139
第二節、傳法祖師的組合分析 141
(一)抄本內傳法祖師的組合 142
(二)嵩、吳祖師連請之意旨 144
第三節、瑜珈法教傳播的背景與因素 149
(一)晚明的變革與吳鵬的威望 149
(二)浙江到福建的信仰傳播渠道 151
(三)明清鼎革之際軍民遷移至閩中 153
第四節、結語 155

第柒章、結論 163

參考文獻 171
附錄 195
Hits342
Created date2022.06.06
Modified date2023.01.17



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