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Chinese Common Knowledge, Tourism and Natural Landscapes=Gazing on 別有天地 'Bie you tian di' 'An Altogether Different World' |
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| Author |
Li, Fung Mei Sarah (著)
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| Date | 2005 |
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| Pages | 413 |
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| Publisher | Murdoch University |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.murdoch.edu.au/
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| Location | Perth, Australia |
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| Content type | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
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| Language | 英文=English |
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| Degree | doctor |
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| Institution | Murdoch University |
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| Department | Social Sciences and Humanities |
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| Advisor | Jim Macbeth |
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| Publication year | 2005 |
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| Abstract | Tourism in its modern garb is very new to China. Not until 1978 when the bamboo curtain was parted and the Open Door policies introduced was international tourism welcomed. It is only 21 years ago, in 1984, that was tourism approved by the Chinese Government as an appropriate form of economic development that could contribute to the modernization of the country.
The form that tourism takes in contemporary China, especially the development and presentation of natural sights and sites, demonstrates qualities that immediately set it apart from western forms of tourism development. While there are similar aspects all part of the ubiquitous spread of globalization there is much that retains a unique Chineseness that is immediately distinctive. In analyzing the specific qualities of contemporary Chinese tourism it is argued that 4000 years of continuous culture, which has produced a body of understanding known as Chinese common knowledge, has been fundamental in directing and determining the way in which natural landscapes are utilized for contemporary tourism. The values inherent in this enduring cultural heritage are an amalgamation of Confucian thought, Doaist and Buddhist theology, folklore and an extraordinarily rich literary heritage in which the poem and calligraphy are regarded as the highest art forms. They imbue every natural landscape with a cultural overlay, drawing upon the immense strength of Chinese common knowledge in ways which make many such sights and sites incomprehensible to non-Chinese visitors because no interpretation is provided - since none is needed for their Chinese viewers.
One outcome of this research is the identification of a Chinese tourist gaze that has many elements which distinguish it from the western tourist gaze. It is highly structured through sociolinguistic parameters which feature correlative and relational thinking (in which no individual entity exists in isolation but is connected to all things around it in dynamic relationships), and this has produced what I have termed the relational tourist gaze. The Chinese value system also includes a degree of anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism that stands in opposition to the western biocentric approach to conservation and maintenance of naturalness and wilderness. There is a pervasive view that nature is imperfect and man has a responsibility to improve on nature to forge a symbiotic relationship, these sentiments summed up in the phrase known to all Chinese: man and nature in harmony. A significant component of a Chinese tourist gaze is thus what I have termed the harmony gaze that contrast strongly with current western notions about wilderness and pristine nature.
This thesis defines Chineseness and Chinese common knowledge, examines the particularities of the sociolinguistics of Chinese to illustrate the way in which this cultural heritage has been transmitted down through the centuries to the present day, and then analyses the manifestation of this knowledge and its attendant values in incorporating natural landscapes - mountains, caves, rivers in contemporary tourism in China. The result is - Bie you tian di an altogether different world. |
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| Table of contents | Table of Contents
Declaration i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iv
Acknowledgements vii
CHAPTER ONE
THE JOURNEY 1
Introduction 1
Methodology 8
Other Concepts and Issues 17
CHAPTER TWO
SOCIOLINGUSTICS AND CHINESE COMMON KNOWLEDGE 30
Definition of Culture 30
Sociolinguistics and the Chinese Language 32
A Brief History of Chinese Language 33
Wenyan - Classical Literary Language Style 37
Baihua - Vernacular Literary Style 41
Putonghua - Standardized Pronunciation 49
Wenji and Shufa: Chinese Script and Calligraphy 50
Wenji: Chinese script 50
Shufa: Calligraphy 54
a) The art of calligraphy 55
b) Famous calligraphers 56
c) The content of famous examples of calligraphy 65
Calligraphy in Modern China 70
CHAPTER THREE
THE NATURE OF THE NATURAL 76
Fundamental Paradigms of the Chinese World View 77
Confucius and Confucianism 84
Daoism and Feng Shui 89
Daoism 89
Feng shui 97
Buddhism in China 109
Anthropocentrism and Anthropomorphism 113
CHAPTER FOUR
MOUNTAINS - DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE AGES 127
Stage One: Mountains as Objects of Nature Worship 131
Stage Two: The Development of Famous Mountains 139
1. Transitional Period 140
2. Heyday 149
Stage Three: the Decline of Famous Mountains 157
Stage Four: the Renaissance of Famous Mountains 159
CHAPTER FIVE
CONTEMPORARY TOURISM PLANNING FOR NATURAL AREAS 163
Planning Principles 163
Application of Tezhi 165
Application of Jingjie 172
Function of Mountain Paths 176
Case 1 Shishi Shan 189
Case 2 Long Jun Xi Valley 194
Case 3 Huangdi Yuan Valley 202
Case 4 Tengchong Volcano Reserve and Moli Scenic Reserve 211
Tengchong Volcano Reserve 211
Moli Scenic Reserve 214
Case 5 Huangshan World Heritage Scenic Beauty and Historic Nature Reserve 220
CHAPTER SIX
THE WORLD OF CHINA'S CAVES.. 230
Introduction............ 230
Western Biocentric Cave Development 232
Chinese Cave Tourism Development - 'An Altogether Different World' 236
Vignette One Yaolin Cave 237
Vignette Two Ruijing Cave 258
Vignette Three Ling Shan Huanjing (Spirit Mountain Dreamland) 262
Vignette Four Double Dragons' Cave Complex 264
Vignette Five Crown Cave 266
Vignette Six White Dragon Cave 270
Vignette Seven Dixia Changhe (Underground River Cave) 274
Vignette Eight Alu Cave 277
Vignette Nine Putuo Shan 282
Summary 286
CHAPTER SEVEN
THE MYTHOLOGIZING OF A NATURAL PHENOMENON FOR TOURISM 291
Introduction 291
Defining 'Myth' 294
Fact and Myth of 'Watching the Tidal Bore' (Guan Chao) 296
Fact 296
Myth-Making 296
Literary Heritage 303
De-Mythologizing the Tidal Bore 305
The 'New Culture' - Tourism and the Re-Mythologizing of the Tidal Bore 306
Commoditization of the Tidal Bore Festival and Associated Commercial Development 316
Xiaoshan - 'To Grip the Tide' 318
Selective De-Mythologizing of the Guan Chao 320
Discussion 329
CHAPTER EIGHT
A CHINESE TOURIST GAZE 337
Chapter Summaries 338
Globalization and Localization 342
A Chinese Tourist Gaze 348
At the Summit 377 |
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| Hits | 158 |
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| Created date | 2023.05.08 |
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| Modified date | 2023.07.20 |
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