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상키야의 지각 정의를 비판한 디그나가의 쟁점=Dignāga’s Critical Issues against the Sāṃkhya Definition of Perception
Author 정승석 (著)=Jung, Seung-suk (au.)
Source 인도철학=印度哲學=Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy
Volumen.48
Date2016
Pages5 - 39
Publisher印度哲學會
Publisher Url http://krindology.com/
LocationKorea [韓國]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language韓文=Korean
Note저자정보: 동국대학교 불교대학 교수.
Keyword디그나가= Dignāga; 배열; 3질설; 상키야; 직접지각; 통각; 형상; Yuktidīpikā; buddhi(intellect); pratyakṣa(perception); saṃsthāna(arrangement, form); triguṇa(three qualities)
Abstract상키야 철학에서는 3질(triguṇa)을 논거로 삼아 인중유과의 인과론을 주장한다. 상키야에서는 3질설로 현상세계의 다양성도 3질의 세력상의 우열에 따른 변형일 뿐이라고 주장한다. 이 경우, 3질의 우열 양상을 표현하는 개념이 saṃsthāna이다. saṃsthāna는 배열과 형상이라는 두 가지 의미로 통용된다. 디그나가는 이 중에서 ‘형상’을 채택하여, 지각을 ‘감관들의 작용’으로 정의한 상키야(사실은 Vārṣagaṇa)의 주장을 비판하는 데 적용했다. 디그나가의 비판에는 지각에 필요한 대상의 차별성을 상키야는 3질의 형상(saṃsthāna)으로 설명한다는 것이 전제되어 있다. 이 경우, 소리와 색깔도 3질의 형상이므로, 귀가 색깔을 지각할 수도 있고, 눈이 소리를 지각할 수도 있게 될 것이다. 요컨대 디그나가는 감관들은 무궁한 것이 되어 버리고 똑같게 되어 버릴 것이라고 상키야의 지각설을 비판한다. 그러나 상키야의 주석서 중 Yuktidīpikā는 saṃsthāna가 형태(rūpatva)에는 적용되지 않는다는 점을 강조함으로써 saṃsthāna를 ‘형상’의 의미로 적용하는 것을 거부한다. 이 밖의 주석서들도 saṃsthāna를 ‘형상’보다는 ‘배열’의 의미로 사용한다. 따라서 saṃsthāna가 형상의 의미를 포함할지라도 배열의 의미가 우선하므로, 이 경우에도 ‘배열에 의한 형상’을 의미하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 디그나가가 saṃsthāna의 의미로 굳이 ‘형상’을 채택한 배경에는 불교 내부의 전통이 있다. 『구사론』에 의하면 Vaibhāṣika는 saṃsthāna(형상)와 varṇa(현색)는 별개의 것으로 실재한다고 주장하고, Sautrāntika는 이 주장을 논박한다. 바로 이 Sautrāntika의 논박 중에서 디그나가가 상키야의 지각설을 비판하면서 적용한 것과 같은 논리를 볼 수 있다.

The Sāṃkhya’s concept of causation, satkāryavāda (the doctrine that the effect pre-exists in its cause), presents the three fundamental qualities (i.e. triguṇa) as the grounds for an argument by asserting that the diversity of the phenomenal world is also nothing but the transformation of the three qualities according to the relative superiority or inferiority among their forces. In this case, an aspect of superiority or inferiority among the three qualities is expressed in the concept of saṃsthāna. Saṃsthāna is used in reference to both the form and meanings of arrangement. In his Pramāṇasamuccaya, Dignāga adopted the arrangement between the two meanings and employed it to criticize Sāṃkhya (in fact Vārṣagaṇa’s) definition of perception, which is as follows: “Perception is the functioning of the ear and other sense faculties” (śrotrādivṛttiḥ pratyakṣam). Dignāga’s criticism assumes that Sāṃkhya explains dissimilarity of the objects necessary for perception by the form (saṃsthāna) of the three qualities. It would then result that the ears could perceive colors, and the eyes could perceive sounds because sounds and colors are also forms of the three qualities. In other words, the Sāṃkhya theory of perception was criticized by Dignāga on the grounds that sense faculties would be unlimited and thus undifferentiated. But the Yuktidīpikā, the most significant commentary of Sāṃkhya, rejects adopting saṃsthāna to mean “form” by insisting that saṃsthāna is not employed to mean the state of having form (rūpatva). Other commentaries use the term saṃsthāna in the sense of “arrangement” rather than “form.” Even if the meaning of saṃsthāna connotes “form,” we can understand that saṃsthāna connotes “the form by means of arrangement” in such cases because the meaning of “arrangement” takes precedence over that of “form.” The question arises as to why Dignāga adopted “form” more specifically to mean saṃsthāna. We can find the reason within the Buddhist tradition of argument in this regard. According to the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya, Vaibhāṣika asserts that saṃsthāna and varṇa (color) are real separately, while Sautrāntika refutes this. In this argument, Dignāga takes up criticism of the Sāṃkhya theory of perception by employing the same reasoning as that of the Sautrāntika’s refutation of Vaibhāṣika. The Sāṃkhya realism explains why the constant single cause and its results are regarded as the same on the basis of the three qualities, and demonstrates the diversity of the results by saṃsthāna of the three qualities. When this Sāṃkhya idea has been targeted by Buddhist criticism, it seems plausible that critics recall the assertion of Vaibhāṣika first, since it intends to interpret some Buddhist doctrines from realistic viewpoint. Moreover if the case was that the Sāṃkhya concept of saṃsthāna was brought into the issue for discussion by Dignāga, then employing the argument by which Sautrāntika criticized Vaibhāṣika regarding saṃsthāna would indeed be the incomparable device of Dignāga. The purpose of Dignāga’s criticism of the Sāṃkhya theory of per
Table of contentsI 서론: 상키야의 3질설이 야기한 쟁점의 맥락. 6
II Dignāga가 쟁점화한 saṃsthāna 개념. 12
III 상키야의 saṃsthāna 개념. 21
IV 결론: saṃsthāna 개념의 불교적 적용. 30
ISSN12263230 (P)
Hits75
Created date2023.10.22
Modified date2023.10.22



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