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漢地二至六世紀佛像神聖觀念新探=Reconsidering the Notion of Sacrality for Chinese Buddhist Statues from the Second to the Sixth Century |
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| Author |
吳虹 (著)=Wu, Hong (au.)
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| Source |
復旦學報 (社會科學版)=Fudan Journal (Social Sciences Edition)
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| Volume | n.5 |
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| Date | 2021 |
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| Pages | 64 - 74 |
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| Publisher | 復旦學報編輯委員會 |
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| Publisher Url |
http://www.fdwkxb.fudan.edu.cn/CN/volumn/home.shtml
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| Location | 上海, 中國 [Shanghai, China] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 吳虹，哲學博士，復旦大學哲學學院講師。 |
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| Keyword | 偶像崇拜=image worship; 南北朝造像=Buddha images of southern and northern dynasties; 法身觀=dharmakaya |
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| Abstract | 一般認為佛像崇拜是佛教信仰的固有表現。東漢佛教的傳入，促使佛像崇拜在漢地流行，並影響著偶像崇拜傳統的確立。但近年對印度和健陀羅地區的佛教研究顯示，佛像崇拜在該地區的廣泛確立要到公元200年之後，晚於佛像進入中國。故有必要重新考慮佛像在漢地是否一開始就被視作崇拜對象，占據佛教實踐和核心。有關漢地佛教敘事的研究進一步為這一思考提供了基礎。四世紀前建構的佛教敘事強調經典對於佛教傳播的重要性，四世紀後圖像的比重才開始上升。分析二到六世紀佛道論辯文章的寫作也顯示，五世紀後佛像崇拜始被認知為佛教最突出的表現。而實物考察也顯示，同一時期漢地民間造像活動突然轉盛。這些變化似乎說明一個動態的漢地佛像觀的存在。本文結合文獻和考古材料重新思考漢地佛像觀念的演變，認為五世紀是佛像從世俗轉為神聖的關鍵時期。原因是五世紀法身觀討論將丈六佛像等同於幽玄法身，賦予了佛像神聖屬性，促使造像和佛像崇拜廣泛流行。這一新觀點有助於重新考慮漢地偶像崇拜傳統的確立，更全面地把握漢地早期佛教的形態和發展。
Traditional scholarship has argued that image worship was an intrinsic property and a distinctive practice of Buddhism. It is widely believed that the arrival of Buddhism in China brought about the practice of worshipping Buddha images, which inaugurated the tradition of image worship in China. Recent research findings challenge this belief. In India and Gandhara, it is increasingly recognized that the worship of Buddha images was not widely established until after 200 CE, in other words later than the first appearance of Buddha images in China. Therefore, it becomes reasonable to doubt whether Buddha images were viewed as legitimate icons of worship since their introduction into China, and whether their worship played a central role in the initial Buddhist practice in China. Studies of Buddhist literature furnish clues to this investigation. The earliest Buddhist narratives foregrounded sutras in the transmission of Buddhism, while Buddha figures became a crucial element in such narratives only after the fourth century. Survey of anti- and pro-Buddhist apologetics similarly shows that image worship became represented as a prominent Buddhist practice only after the fifth century. Archaeological evidence further corroborates textual sources, as we observe a turning point around the fifth century, after which the activity of making and worshipping Buddha images suddenly flourished. Joining textual and archaeological evidence, this paper explores the dynamic development of the notion of sacrality for Buddhist statues in early China, and argues that the fifth century was a crucial moment for Buddha images' transformation from the secular to the sacred. The heated discussion of the concept of dharmakaya at the time led to the understanding that Buddha images were worldly materialization of the abstruse body of the dharma. The homology between dharmakaya and Buddha images thus invested divine character to the latter, which supplied the crucial basis for the institutionalized practice of image worship in China. |
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| Table of contents | 一、印度和健陀羅的早期佛像觀 64
二、動態的漢地佛像觀——文獻的觀察 66
三、動態的漢地佛像觀——實物的觀察 67
四、五世紀的新佛像觀 71
五、結語 73 |
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| ISSN | 02570289 (P) |
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| Hits | 20 |
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| Created date | 2024.04.26 |
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| Modified date | 2024.04.26 |
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