Monk, Householder, and Tantric Priest: Newar Buddhism and its Hierarchy of Ritual

Gellner, David N. (著)

著者

Gellner, David N. (著)

出版年月日

1992.06.25

ページ

452

出版者

Cambridge University Press

出版サイト

http://www.cambridge.org/

出版地

Cambridge, UK [劍橋, 英國]

シリーズ

Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology

シリーズナンバー

資料の種類

書籍=Book

言語

英文=English

キーワード

Newar (Nepalese people); Religion; Kathmandu Valley; Religious life; customs; Religious life Nepal

抄録

Many misconceptions circulate in the West about Tantric religion, whether Buddhist or Hindu, mainly because scholars have relied exclusively on textual sources. Here is an account of how Tantric Buddhism works in practice.

List of Illustrations xiv
List of Tables xvi
Preface xix
Note on Pronunciation and Abbreviations xxiii

1. Introduction
1.1 Aims and methods 1
1.2 Historical background and contemporary context 8
1.3 The setting of the study 22
Appendix 1: A method of transliterating Newari 35
Appendix 2: The calendar 39

2. Caste and Religious Affiliation
2.1 Newar castes 41
2.2 Śivamārgi and buddhamārgi, Hindu and Buddhist 52
2.3 The Śreṣṭhas between Buddhism and Hinduism 55
2.4 Buddhist religious identity 57
2.5 Some differences between Hinduism and Buddhism 60
2.6 Caste identities and the problem of names 63
2.7 The determinants of religious identity 68

3. The Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism: Competition and Coexistence
3.1 The structure of the Newar pantheon 73
3.2 The multivalency of symbols 80
3.3 Hinduism dominating Buddhism 83
3.4 Examples of Buddhist predominance 87
3.5 Buddhism and Hinduism 'in harmony' 88
3.6 Buddhist myth and iconography which attempt to subordinate Hinduism 94
3.7 Conceptualizing the relation between Buddhism and Hinduism 98

4. Basic Notions of Newar Buddhism
4.1 A religion of worship 105
4.2 The Three Ways of Buddhism and what they mean for Newars 108
4.3 A survey of religious concepts 114
4.3.1 Dharma, pāp, and karma 116
4.3.2 Dān . 119
4.3.3 Non-violence, intentions, and animal sacrifice 124
4.3.4 Tyah and ma tyah 126
4.3.5 Auspiciousness, inauspiciousness, and protection from misfortune 126
4.3.6 Bodhisattva 128
4.3.7 Siddha, siddhi 129
4.3.8 Gods 129
4.3.9 Śakti 130
4.3.10 Taray juye, nirvāṇa 131
4.3.11 The six 'destinations' or rebirths 132
4.4 The hierarchy of interpretations 132

5. Basic Rituals of Newar Buddhism
5.1 Sociological definitions 135
5.1.1 A sociological typology of ritual and ritual action 135
5.1.2 An analysis of religious roles 139
5.2 Religious and liturgical typologies of ritual and ritual action 142
5.2.1 A Newar Buddhist typology 142
5.2.2 A local Hindu typology 144
5.2.3 A Tibetan Tantric Buddhist typology 145
5.2.4 A typology of ritual acts 146
5.3 Basic rituals of Newar Buddhism 148
Appendix: Some verses used in Newar Buddhist ritual 160

6. The Disciples’ Way: The Monastic Ideal in Newar Buddhism
6.1 Śākyas and Vajrācāryas as hereditary monks 162
6.2 Ritual in the monastery: Kwā Bahāh as an example 167
6.3 The cult of Dīpaṅkara: Śākyas and Vajrācāryas as the recipients of alms 180
Appendix: Some important alms- or gift-receiving verses 187

7. The Great Way (Part I): The Buddhist Householder, His Duties and Religion
7.1 Merit-making through local pilgrimage 189
7.2 Buddhism and life-cycle rites 197
7.3 Buddhist death rituals 204
7.4 Buddhism and calendrical festivals 213
7.5 The religious observance (vrata): Asceticism for the laity 220
Appendix: The Wedding Dialogue 228

8. The Great Way (Part II): Guthis
8.1 Basic principles of the guthi 231
8.2 Types and examples of guthis 235
8.2.1 Economic guthis 236
8.2.2 Public utility guthis 236
8.2.3 Caste council guthis 237
8.2.4 Lineage deity guthis 238
8.2.5 Guthis for the worship of a particular deity 243
8.2.6 Death guthis 246
8.3 The Buddhist monastery as a guthi: Guthis and Buddhism 248

9. The Diamond Way (Part I): Priesthood and Initiation
9.1 Two types of Vajrayāna, the exoteric and the esoteric 251
9.2 Vajrācāryas as a status group 258
9.3 Entering the Diamond Way: Tantric initiation and the consecration of a Vajra-Master 266

9.3.1 Preliminaries to Tantric initiation 273
9.3.2 Day 4: The rite of nailing down . 273
9.3.3 Day 5: Preliminary empowerment of the mandala .... 274
9.3.4 Day 6: Establishment of the mandala and preparation of the pupils 275
9.3.5 Day 7: Heroic conduct 275
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ISBN

0521383994 (hbc); 9780521383998 (hbc)

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