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略論宋代類書大盛的原因=An Analysis of Leishu Boom in The Song Dynasty |
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| 著者 |
何忠禮 (著)=He, Zhong-le (au.)
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鄭瑾 (著)=Zheng, Jin (au.)
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《浙江大學學報》編輯部
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| 掲載誌 |
浙江大學學報(人文社會科學版)=Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences)
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| 巻号 | n.1 |
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| 出版年月日 | 2003 |
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| ページ | 32 - 39 |
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| 出版者 | 浙江大學 |
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| 出版サイト |
http://www.zju.edu.cn/
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| 出版地 | 杭州, 中國 [Hangzhou, China] |
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| 資料の種類 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| 言語 | 中文=Chinese |
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| キーワード | 佛教與科學=Buddhism and Science; 宋代佛教=Sung Buddhism; 唐代佛教=Tang Buddhism; 中國佛教史=Chinese Buddhist History |
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| 抄録 | 所謂的類書，就是將史籍中的各種資料，依一定方法，分門別類地匯輯在一起，而編成的史書。它兼有「百科全書」和「資料匯編」的性質。其分類方法就是依據內容分類，但也有按照字韻分類的，如人們所熟知的《永樂大典》。類書對史學的研究與古籍的整理，都有十分重要功能。它起源於曹魏時期，入唐以後，類書編修逐漸增多，至宋代遂大盛，甚至明清兩代也難望其項背。宋代類書所以很多，有三個重要原因：
一、宋代帝王重視文治，個人也比較好學，故大力鼓勵類書的編修
二、科舉制度到宋代，通過一系列改革，應試人數增多，考試內容發生變化，對類書的需求量增大。
三、宋代的雕版印刷技術已完善，裝訂形式也有進步，為類書的刊行奠定良好的技術基礎。
某些史籍所謂的「唐朝初年已有雕版印刷物」的記載，其真實性值得懷疑。即使偶有應用於雕版佛像和佛經上，這種印刷技術也尚未在民間普遍推廣，更沒被政府採用。大約從盛唐起，雕版技術才開始在一些地區和部門發展起來。但唐代流傳下來的雕版技術甚為罕見，今天為一般人熟悉且具代表性的藏品兩件：
1.是在韓國慶州佛國寺釋迦塔內發現的《無垢淨光大陀羅尼經》。據說刻印於公元704~751年間，被認為是世上最早的雕版印刷物。
2.是在敦煌發現的，收藏於倫敦博物館的《金剛經》，這是唐懿宗咸通九年(868)所印造。
總之，與宋代相比起來，唐代的雕版技術並未完全成熟，主要表現為刻印的質量沒有保證，裝訂形式又比較原始。故尚不具備科印大部頭類書籍的能力。
Leishu, a class of works combining to some extent the features of encyclopedias and concordances, plays a vital role in the rsearch of historical science and collation of ancient books. It originated from the Caowei period (220) or the period of the Three Kingdoms. Its compilation began to vecome gradually popular in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty, which even the Ming and Qing dynasties couldn't match at all. The Leishu boom in the Song Dynasty is due to three reasons:
The first reason is closely related to the policy of the Song rulers, who attached great importance to wenzhi (civil administration). They were fond of learning vigorously, advocated culture and education, and encouraged the compilation of leishu. Military officer as he was, Song Taizu (the first emperor of the Song Dynasty) propagated culture in a large way. He was good at gaining historical experience and learning lessons from the past dynasties through reading histouical books. Carrying forward the good traditions, Song Taizong (the second emperor of the Song Dynasty) repeatedly issued edicts to command the historiographers to search historical books and organizde scholar-officers to compile books. Following Taizu and Taizong, the successors and the other imperial family members all loved to read books. But a large quantity of books available made it impossible and unnecessary for the Song emperors to read them all in their spare time, hence the necessity of compiling encyclopedic leishu.
The second reason is that the imperial civil examination system was perfected in the Song Dynasty, under which a series of reform was done and fair competition was advocated regardless of the family status, Thus, an increased number of ordinary scholars took part in the imperial examinations, which stimulated the demand and compilation of books for that sake. Leishu, which consists of examination underwent a fundamental change at the same time. Some subjects such as Mingjingke were cancelled. The major subject Jingshike was a must for candidates, whose enrollment was based on Jingyi, a type of writing on the interpretation of classic works of Confucius. As a wide selection of Confucianism was too much for them to read before taking the examinations, leishu was their best choice. Therefore, the compilation and publishing of various kinds of leishu became a profitable operation, which in turn pushed forward the compilation of leishu.
The third reason is that the perfected block printing technology and better binding in the Song Dynasty laid a sound foundation for the printing and publishing of lieshu.
The Ming and Qing dynasties witnessed the reformation of the imperial civil service examination, for which was prescribed the eight-past essay known for its rigidity of form and poverty of ideas. As the typer of essay became the standard of enrolling scholars, the range of knowledge needed for such examinations was narrowed gradually, and the demand for leishu declined rapidly. |
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| 目次 | 一、為昌文治，酌前代成敗之經驗 31
二、應科舉之需要，被場屋之用 33
三、雕版印刷業發展，為刻印類書提供了必要的技術條件 35
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| ISSN | 1008942X (P) |
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| ヒット数 | 261 |
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| 作成日 | 2004.03.26
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| 更新日期 | 2020.04.21 |
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