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| 著者 |
巴宙
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| 掲載誌 |
中華佛學學報=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal=Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
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| 巻号 | n.1 |
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| 出版年月日 | 1987.03 |
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| ページ | 59 - 79 |
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| 出版者 | 中華佛學研究所=Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies |
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| 出版サイト |
http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication_tw.php?id=12
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| 出版地 | 新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan] |
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| 資料の種類 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| 言語 | 中文=Chinese; 英文=English |
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| キーワード | 觀音菩薩=Avalokiteshvara; 佛教美術; 西藏佛教; 日本佛教; 多羅; 度母 |
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| 抄録 | 在整個東亞，觀音菩薩一直是大乘佛教道場裏極受歡迎的一位. 中文=Chinese稱之為觀音，日文叫做觀音聖者，我們將集中
於下列各章的討論.
一. 觀音菩薩的來源
關於觀音的來源，觀音菩薩授記經指出其神話與秘密的綜合性. 該經稱說他是釋迦佛精神上的同時人，而淨土與印度的住世佛發生了交通與聯繫. 同時該經又說他將承繼阿彌陀佛.
二. 觀音與佛教哲學
下列三部佛經：如幻三昧經，妙法蓮華經及般若波羅密多心經供給我們觀音與哲學含義多餘的徹底認識. 此諸經典解釋圓滿智慧與慈的大乘德性. 在象徵方面來說，觀音成此諸理想的化身. 於其無邊智慧與慈悲他取得宇宙性的地位
而超越時間與文化的界限.
三. 歷史事實及聖地
基於漢譯梵典如蓮華經及阿彌陀經等，很顯然地約從西元二世紀至五世紀頃觀音在民間的崇信逐漸開始普及. 其後當法顯與玄奘遊歷印度時於其遊記中他們提及若干聖地是供獻給觀音菩薩. 此外，約在六世紀頃中國的普陀山成與觀音有關的著名的朝禮聖地. 同樣地，在拉薩的達賴喇嘛的住所是被稱為補陀羅宮以資敬仰.
四. 心理與宗教的交互作用
一般而言，人類面臨著許多掙扎與變異，諸如自然，社會與生理各方面的危險. 在此緊急時期對觀音救護神通力的信仰，能給人以必需的力量及希望，故促成適宜解決的可能. 在此種信仰與積極思想的交互作用中，心理與宗教的互相影響關係遂得以完成.
五. 觀音與亞洲美術
在印度，此菩薩是以男性型出現，女性形相很顯然地為中國獨創. 約在五世紀頃因密宗的發展，關於他的美術造型衍進為各種形狀，多彩多姿，結果成七觀音系統：一. 聖觀音. 二. 十一面觀音. 三. 千手千眼觀音. 四. 羂索觀音. 五. 如意輪觀音. 六. 準提觀音. 七. 馬頭觀音. 但傳統式的人型總為民眾所喜好.
六. 觀音與民間宗教
以觀音為中心的民間宗教之形成依靠著佛教信仰與修持的建立. 因此，女性型的觀音不能早於五世紀或六世紀. 本章討論及若干觀音在民俗方面的舉例. 這包括魚籃觀音，西藏的多羅及觀音對日本長承姬的顯聖.
結論：於我們檢討觀音在神話上，歷史上，宗教上，哲學上，心理上及美術上的各方面，那表示他是慈悲與智慧的象徵. 於若干世紀以來他贏得大眾的心悅誠服. 此種趨勢，我們相信是會持續於未來世.
Throughout East Asia Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva has been one of the most popular divinities in the
Mahayana pantheon. He is known as Kuan yin in Chinese，and Kwannon-Sama in Japanese. We shall concentrate our discussion in the following chapters.
1. The origin of `Avalokitesvara` Bodhisattva
Regarding the origin of Kual yin，the Sutra on the Prophey concerning `Avalokitesvara` Bodhisattva indicates a combination of mythical and mysterious elements. It is stated that he was a spiritual contemporary of Sakyamuni Buddha and there was com-munication between the bodhisattvas of the Pure Land and the presiding Buddha of India. Further it is indicated that he would eventually succeed Amitabha Buddha.
2. `Avalokitesvara` in Buddhist philosophy
The Mayopama-samadhi-Sutra, Lotus Sutra, and the Heart Sutra provide additional insight into the philosophical significance related to Kuan yin. These texts enunciate the Mahayanic virtues of perfect wisdom and compassion. Symbolically then, Kuan yin becomes the embodiment of these ideals. In his infinite wisdom and compassion he takes on a universal status transcending temporal and cultural boundaries.
3. The historical sources and sacred sanctuaries
Based on the translations of Sanskrit works such as the Lotus Sutra and the Sukhavati-vvuha-Sutra, it is evident that from the second to the fifth centuries the worship of Kuan yin began to gain popularity. Later when Fa-hsien and Hsuan-tsang visited India it is recorded in their writings that many shrines and sanctuaries were dedicated to Kuan yin. In addition，during the sixth century the famous Mount P'u-t'o shan (Potala) in China became a famous spot of pilgrimage associated with Kuan yin. Similarly，the official residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa is also known as Potala in his honor.
4. The interaction of psychology and religion
Generally humans are faced with numerous struggles and uncertainties such as natural，social,
and biological dangers. During such crises, faith in the saving power of Kuan yin can give one the
necessary strength and hope，thus making a suitable solution possible. It is in this interaction of
faith and positive thinkinh that the interplay of psychological and religious concerns is achieved.
5. Kuan yin in Asian Art
In India the bodhisattva was depicted in masculine form while feminine images are a distinctly Chinese creation. With the development of Tantric Buddhism around the fifth century the
artistic presentation about him became more sophisticated. Eventually there evolved a system of
seven Kuan yins：1. Arya Kuan yin，2. Elevenheadaed Kuan yin，3. Kuan yin with a thousand arms, 4. Kuan yin with a lasso，5. Kuan yin with a wishing gem and wheel，6. Chundi Kuan yin，and 7. Horse-headed Kuan yin. The traditional human form，however |
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| ISSN | 10177132 (P) |
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| 研究種類 | 佛教 |
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| 研究年代 | 中國-無 |
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| 研究地域 | 中國 |
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| ヒット数 | 1769 |
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| 作成日 | 1998.07.22
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| 更新日期 | 2017.06.15 |
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