Lesosn 10

The declension of the feminine "a-stems":

sena (f., army)

Some often used Sanskrit verbal prefixes:

anu- (after, following): anu+gacchati (to go after, to follow)

ava- (down): ava+tarati (to descend)

ud- (up): ut+patati (to take off)

upa- (towards, down): upa+viwati (to sit down)

ni- (down): ni+sidati (to sit down)

nih- (out): nir+gacchati (to go out)

para- (completely): para+kramati (to overcome)

pari- (around): pari+nayati (to marry)

pra- (strengthening): pra+viwati (to enter)

sam- (together): saj+gacchate (to come together)

Sandhi rules:

-s- is changed into -s- after a prefix ending in -i or -u: ni+sevate -> nisevate (to serve, to honour).

-n- is changed into -n- after a prefix containing -r- only if the meaning of the word is thus changed: parinayati (to lead around) but parinayati (to lead around the sacrificial fire -> to marry).

Text (read and translate):

1. ratnaj ratnena sajgacchate |

2. yada vihaga vyadhaj pawyanti tada sahasotpatanti |

3. satyaj hrdayesu mrgayanta rsayah |

4. hareh kanyaj ramah parinayati |

5. visnorharewca bharye kanyabhih sahagacchatah |

6. ramo visnuwca devabwaranaj prapadyete |

7. yada jana gavgayaj mriyante tada svargaj labhante |

8. annaj kanyayai yacchatirserbharya |

9. vana rksesvisunmubcanti vyadhah krsnau ca mriyete |

10. dvijatinaj bhasaj wudra navagacchanti |

11. he wisya nagarasya rathyasu sadhunaj bharyabhyo 'dya

bhiksaj labhadhve |

12. chayayamatra prabhuta vihagastisthanti |

13. ksatriyasya balavrsirupanayati |

14. nrpatih senaya saha nagarannirgacchati |

15. vihagah ksetre 'tra sajpatanti |

The exercise key

Translate to Sanskrit:

1. The student asks householder's wife for alms.

2. In Prayaga come together Ganga and Yamuna.

3. Sinful people do not obtain heaven.

4. The king conquers enemies in the battle.

5. Here on the street kings (Du.) descend from black horses.

6. We sacrifice to gods [for ourselves] but we do not sacrifice for Hari.

7. Student sits down by teacher's feet and studies Vedas.

8. Many trees grow on the mountain.

The exercise key

Vocabulary:

ava+gam-, avagacchati: to understand

upa+ni-, upanayati: to initiate

pari+ni-, parinayati: to marry

ud+pat-, utpatati: to take off

ava+ruh-, avarohati: to descend

para+ji-, parajayati: completely conquer

pra+pad-, prapadyate (IV): to go to, to take refuge in (Acc.)

bhiks-, bhiksate (I): to beg

mrg-, mrgayate (X): to search for

sam+gaj-, sajgacchate: to come together

isu-, m.: arrow

kanya-, f.: girl, daughter

gavga-, f.: the river Ganga

grhastha-, m.: householder

chaya-, f.: shadow, shade

prayaga-, m.: the city of Prayaga (modern Ilahabad)

bhaya-, n.: fear

bharya-, f,: wife

bhasa-, f.: language

bhiksa-, f.: alms

yamuna-, f.: the river Yamuna

ratna-, f,: gem

rathya-, f.: street

vidya-, f.: knowledge, wisdom

vyadha-, m.: hunter

warana-, n.: refuge

svarga-, n.: heaven

hrdaya-, n.: heart

krsna-, black

papa-, adj.: bad, sinful

prabhuta-, adj.: manifold, many

sahasa, adv.: suddenly