依主釋末尾之「附屬字」

過去主動分詞 (Past Participles Active)

現在被動分詞 (Present Passive Participles)

未來主動分詞(Future Active Participles)

 

 

 

壹‧依主釋末尾之「附屬字」(Dependent Words)

1.說明:

 

某些字不能單獨使用,而只能用在「複合詞(Compound)(依主釋)的末尾,

這些字就稱為「附屬字」(Dependent words)。它們通常是由動詞「字根」

衍生出來,而轉為「名詞」,義謂「該動作本身」或「該動作的作者」,

以下便是一些例子。

 

2.示例:

 

 

(1) -kara < kar (doing, working)

kammakaro = 雜役、傭人 (worker, doer of work)

 

 

(2) -kāra < kar Cau. 製造 (making)

kumbhakāro = 陶師、陶工 (potter, maker of pot)

 

 

(3) -(g)gāha < (g)gah 執、取 (seizing)

candaggāho = 月蝕 (eclipse of the moon)

 

 

(4) -dhara < dhar (holding, remembering)

dhammadharo = 持法師 (memorizer of the doctrine)

 

 

(5) -pāta < pat Cau. (dropping, offering, collecting)

piṇḍapādo = 供食、乞食 (alms offering, alms collecting)

(6) -ji < ji (winning, victorious)

sagāmaji = 戰勝者 (victorious in fight)

sabbaji = 一切勝者(阿羅漢) (all-conqueror)

assaji = 阿說示、馬勝 (佛弟子名)

 

 

(7) -ga < gam (going)

urago = 胸行者、蛇 (going on the chest, i.e. a snake)

 

 

(8) -gū < gam(通、達) (having gone through, being skilled or perfected in)

dhammagū = 知法者 (one who knows the Dhamma)

vedagū = 通達者(阿羅漢) (one who has attained the highest
knowledge)

 

 

(9) -(ñ)ñū < (ñ)ñā (knowing, recognizing)

kālaññū = (適)時者 (knowing the proper time for …)

sabbaññū = 一切知者 (all-knowing, the Omniscent One)

 

 

(10) -()ha < ()hā住、立 (lasting, standing)

kappaṭṭha = (地獄)一劫 (remaining (in hell) for a world cycle)

dhammaṭṭho = 法住者 (standing in the Law, just, righteous)

 

 

(11) -ja < jan (born, produced, arisen from)

yonija 胎生 (born from the womb)

vārija 水生的 (指蓮或魚) (water-born, i.e. a lotus or a fish)

 

 

貳‧過去主動分詞 (Past Participles Active)

1.「構成」與「語尾變化」:

 

 

(1) 構成:A.

-(i)ta結尾的過去分詞(pp.)

-vant(a) -āvin

 

B.

 

 

 

完成式(perf.) 語基

-vas

 

(2) 語尾變化:與子音結尾的語尾變化相同,即分別隨「-ant(a), ppr.
-in」及「-as」變化。

 

2‧字例:

 

(1) pp. -vant(a) -āvin

 

                字根 過去分詞pp.                 -vant(a)            -āvin

========= ----------------- --------------- -------------

               kar                kata                   (katavant)               katāvin

               kīḷ                 kīḷita                 --                        kīḷitāvin

               dā                 dinna                 (dinnavant)             --

               phus              phuṭṭha               (phuṭṭhavant)          --

               bhuj               bhutta                bhuttavant              bhuttāvin

               vi-ji               vijita                  (vijitavant)              vijitāvin

               vas                vusita                 vusitavant               (vusitāvin)

               sam               samita                --                        samitāvin

               su                  suta                   sutavant                 sutāvin

               hu                 huta                   (hutavant)               (hutāvin)

 

( ) 中的語形列於文法書,但三藏中未找到,暫存疑。

 

(2) perf. -vas

 

                字根                   完成式            -vas / -dasu / -u

=========== ------------- -----------------------------

               dis,das                 dassi              dassivas

               vid                       vida               vidvas, viddasu, vidu

3.意義:表示「過去、主動」的動作。

 

4.用法:可作「名詞」、「形容詞」或「動詞」(此時可帶受詞)

 

“… Lokassa anta samitāvī ñatvā nāsisati lokam ima parañ cā”ti =「洞見

世間邊,寂者不希求,此世與他世。」(寂靜者洞見『世間邊盡(究極)

之後,不會希求此世與他世。」) (“Having known the world’s end, a

calmed one longeth not for this world or another.”) (A.II.p.49.L5-6, 增支

部‧第二冊/四集‧第五赤馬品)

Atha kho Bhagavato Cundassa kammāra-puttassa bhatta bhuttāvissa kharo

ābādho uppajji = 那時,世尊吃了鐵匠之子純陀(供養)食物之後,便

生了重病。 (And after having eaten the meal provided by Cunda, the Lord

was attacked by a severe sickness) (D.II.p.127.2-3)

 

 

參‧現在被動分詞 (Present Passive Participles)

1.構成:即「被動動詞」的「現在分詞」

 

被動動詞「語基」

現在分詞語尾 -nt(a), -māna -āna

 

2.語尾變化:隨子音結尾的「-ant, ppr.」或母音結尾的「-a」變化。

 

3‧字例:

 

      字根                 被動動詞       -nt(a)        -māna          -āna

=========== ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------

      kar                karīya-ti                              karīyamāna

      pucch            pucchiya-ti                                                   pucchiyāna

 

      字根                 被動動詞       -nt(a)        -māna          -āna

=========== ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------

      labh              labbha-ti                              labbhamāna

      muc    解脫        mucca-ti         muccant(a)      muccamāna

      bhaj              bhajja-ti         bhajjant(a)      bhajjamāna

      yāc    乞求        yāciya-ti         yāciyant(a)      yāciyamāna

 

 

4.用法:與「現在(主動)分詞」相同,但是,表達的是「被動」義。

 

5.例子:

 

Atha kho Bhagavā … ta bhikkhu paipucchi : “sacca kira tva bhikkhu

parissāvana yāciyamāno na adāsi ”ti = 於是,世尊質問那位比丘

:「比丘!聽說有(位比丘向你)()濾水囊,你沒給他,這是真的嗎

?」(Then the Lord … questioned this monk, saying : “Is it true, as is said,

that you, monk, when being asked for a strainer, did not give it ”)

(Vin.II.p.118.L31-34, 律藏‧小品‧小事犍度)

 

 

肆‧未來主動分詞 (Future Active Participles)

1.構成:即「未來式動詞」的「現在分詞」

 

未來式動詞「語基」

現在分詞語尾 -nt(a) -māna

 

 

2.語尾變化:隨子音結尾的「-ant, ppr.」或母音結尾的「-a」變化。

 

3‧字例:

 

字根 未來式動詞 3pl. -nt(a) -māna

========= ---------------------- ----------------- -------------------

      kar                karissa-nti              karissant(a)            karissamāna

      gam               gamissa-nti             gamissant(a)           gamissamāna

      dā                 dassa-nti                dassant(a)              dassamāna

      pass              passissa-nti             passissant(a)          passissamāna

      bhū               bhavissa-nti            bhavissant(a)          bhavissamāna

 

 

4.用法:與「現在(主動)分詞」同,但是,表達的是「未來」義。