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過去分詞 (Past Passive Participle)
-a 結尾的中性名詞 (Neuter Nouns in -a)
具格的基本用法 (Instrumental Case)
1.過去分詞的「構成」:
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字根 (少數由「現在式語基」) |
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過去分詞接尾詞 -ta, -ita, -na |
※ 注意:字根末尾的子音遇到 -ta 或 -na 時,常有連音變化。
■ 以下是加 -ta,-ita 的例子:
(p)pa-(k)kam pakkanta 已離去 (gone away, left) (m + t > n + t)
kar kata 已做,被做 (done) (r省略)
kilam kilanta 疲倦的 (tired) (m + t > n + t)
kup kupita 生氣,發怒 (angry)
gam gata 已往 (gone) (m省略)
adhi-gam adhigata 已到達、已證得、已知 (understood) (接
頭詞adhi- 義為「上、增上」,over)
ā-gam āgata 已來 (come)
saṁ-anu-ā-gam samannāgata 具足、得、學得 (endowed, acquired) (
anu-ā > anv-ā > annā,v被n同化)
ni-(g)gah niggahīta 被抑止、折服、駁倒 (refuted) ((g)gah義
為「捉、執、取」,seize, grasp)
chaḍḍ chaḍḍita 已吐、捨、除 (thrown away, abandoned)
(p)pa-(ñ)ñap paññatta 已施設、已備妥 (declared, prepared) (p被
t同化)
(ṭ)ṭhā ṭhita 已立、已住 (stood, stayed) (ā省略或弱化)
saṁ-tus santuṭṭha 喜足的、滿足的 (contented, satisfied)
( < tuṣ,s + t > ṭṭh)
dis desita 已教,被教 (taught) ( < diś指、示,point)
(d)dis diṭṭha 已見,被見 (seen) ( < dṛś ) (s + t > ṭṭh)
pucch puṭṭha 已問,被問 (asked) (cch + t > ṭṭh )
bandh baddha 被縛 (bound) (n省略,t被dh同化)
bhās bhāsita 已說、被說 (spoken)
bhū bhūta 已...、被... (been)
ni(r)-mā nimmita 被創造 (created) (ā省略或弱化)
vi-muc vimutta 已解脫 (freed) (c被t同化)
ni-rudh niruddha 已滅,被滅 (stoped, ceased) (t被dh同化)
vac vutta 已說、被說、所謂的 (said) (採被動態
vuccati之語基vuc,c被t同化)
(p)pa-(v)vaj pabbajita 已出家 (gone forth)
sam santa 寂靜的、寂止的 (calmed) (m + t > n + t)
(s)su suta 已聽聞、被聽聞 (heard)
2.過去分詞的「語態」:
(1) 一般為「被動語態」。
(2) 某些「不及物動詞」及「行動動詞」可表「主動語態」。
3.過去分詞的「用法」:
(1) 作一般「謂語動詞(Finite Verb)」
F 屬「名詞性動詞」:動詞的作用、名詞的變化。
(a) 作「被動動詞」(表過去或現在完成)
‧'Anuññāto si pana tvaṁ, Raṭṭhapāla, mātāpitūhi agārasmā anagāri-
yaṁ pabbajjāyāti ' = 「然而,賴吒和羅!你已得父母允許離
家出家過非家生活嗎?」 ('Have you been permitted by your
parents, Raṭṭhapāla, to go forth from the home life into home-
lessness ') (M.II.p.56.L13-14, 賴吒和羅經)
‧' Na kho ahaṁ, bhante, anuññāto mātāpitūhi agārasmā anagāriyaṁ
pabbajjāyāti.' = 「大德!我未得父母允許離家出家過非家
生活。」 ( 'No, venerable sir, I have not been permitted by my
parents to go forth from the home life into homelessness.') (M.
II.p.56.L15-16, 賴吒和羅經)
‧' Na kho, Raṭṭhapāla, Tathāgatā ananuññātaṁ mātāpitūhi
pabbājentīti.' = 「賴吒和羅!諸如來不聽許未得父母同意
者出家!」 ( 'Raṭṭhapāla, Tathāgatas do not give the going
forth to anyone who does not have his parents' permission.')
(M.II.p.56.L17-18, 賴吒和羅經)
(b) 作「主動動詞」(表過去或現在完成,作「完成式」時可配合
Be動詞)
‧Mayaṁ gāmam upasaṁkantā (amha). = 我們已到村裡。 (We
have approached the village.)
(2) 作「名詞」
(a) 某些過去分詞可作「中性、抽象名詞」,如:
‧bhāsitaṁ = 言說、所說 (what was spoken,speech)
‧jīvitaṁ = 生命 (life)
(b) 另有一些則轉為指「人」(...者),如:
‧tathāgata = 如來、真理之得證(達至)者 (Thus-gone)
‧buddha = 佛陀、覺悟者 (the Enlightened One)
‧ananuññāta mātāpitūhi = 未得父母同意者 (one who has not
been permitted by his parents)
(3) 過去分詞均可作「形容詞」(此時語尾變化依 -a,-a,-ā ;性、數、
格配合所修飾的名詞)
‧kupito khattiyo vadati = 憤怒的剎帝利說 (the angry warrior says)
‧kilantā rājāputtā evaṁ pucchiṁsu = 疲憊的王子們這麼問 (thus the
tired princes asked)
(4) 用於「過去分詞子句」
‧So sato va assasati, sato passasati. = 他念而入息,念而出息。 (Ever
mindful, he breathe in; mindful he breathe out.) (注:此處分詞子句
表達與主要子句「同時」的動作,即在他入、出息的「同時」,
他內心清楚、明白、醒覺-- sato 「具念」。另外,va 為 eva
之略語形,用來強調 sato 「內心清清楚楚的」) (M.I.p.56.L14-
15, 念處經)
‧Puna ca paraṁ bhikkhave bhikkhu gacchanto vā : gacchāmîti pajānāti,
ṭhito vā : ṭhito 'mhîti pajānāti, nisinno vā : nisinno 'mhîti pajānāti, sayāno
vā : sayāno 'mhîti pajānāti. = 再者,諸比丘!比丘當他走路的時候,
他知道:「我在走路」;或者,當他站立的時候,他知道:「我正
站立」;或者,當他坐著的時候,他知道:「我正坐著」;或者,
當他躺下的時候,他知道:「我正躺下」。 (Again, bhikkhus, when
walking, a bhikkhu understands : ' I am walking ' ; when standing ,he un-
derstands : ' I am standing ' ; when sitting, he understands : ' I am sitting ' ;
when lying down, he understands : ' I am lying down '.) (M.I.p.56.末
2行-p.57.L1, 念處經)
4.整理:過去分詞用作「動詞」的幾種「句型」
(1) 用於「被動句」(Passive Sentence)
句型一:虛主詞被動式 (Impersonal : It was Ved by A )
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by-A it was Ved (被A 做V) Ins. pp.n.s.Nom. |
‧evaṁ me sutaṁ = 如是我聞 (it was heard by me / thus have I heard)
句型二:實主詞被動式 ( B were Ved by A )
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B by-A were Ved (B被A 做V) Nom. Ins. pp.性、數、格隨 B |
‧mayā ime sattā nimmitā = 這些眾生被我創造/我創造了這些眾生
(by me these beings were created / I have created these beings)
(2) 用於「主動句」(Active Sentence)
句型三:實主詞主動式 ( A (have) Ved B )
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A B Ved (A對B做V) Nom. Acc. pp.性、數、格隨 A |
‧puriso gāmaṁ āgato = 此人到村子來了 (the person has come to the
village) (cf.āgacchi,aor.)
1.語尾變化
例:yāna = 車乘(carriage)
單數 複數
Nom. yān-aṁ yān-āni /-ā
Voc. * yān-a yān-āni /-ā
Acc. yān-aṁ yān-āni /-e
2‧中性字的格變化通則 (中性條例)
(1) 中性字與其對應的男性字之語尾僅 Nom.sg.pl.及Acc.pl.等三處有
異。主格、對格之外的其它六種格變化 (Ins. Dat. ... Loc.) 與「
男性字」相同。(依「長相」看,只有「頭」不一樣,「身體」完
全一樣。)
(2) 中性字的主格、對格字尾具如下特徵:
Nom. Acc. |
sg. pl. -xṁ -xni -xṁ -xni |
即 (a) Nom. = Acc. (b) Nom.sg.(與Acc.sg.) 鼻音化 (-xṁ)。 (c) Nom.pl.(與Acc.pl.) 長音化 加 ni。 |
(3) 中性字「複數主格、對格、呼格」除可用自己的字尾外,也可使
用其對應男性字的字尾。亦即除「主格單數」外,中性字可以使用
其對應男性字的「所有字尾」(即整張表格)。
3.-a 結尾的中性字示例:
āsanaṁ 座、座所 (seat)
kammaṁ 業、行為、工作 (work)
kicchaṁ 困難 (difficulty)
gehaṁ 家、房子 (house, building)
gottaṁ 姓、氏姓、種性 (clan)
cīvaraṁ 衣、法衣 (robe)
dānaṁ 施物、布施 (gift, donation, alms)
dukkhaṁ 苦 (unhappiness, misery, suffering)
dvāraṁ 門、戶 (door, gate)
dhanaṁ 財、財物 (money, wealth)
puññaṁ 福、善、福德、福業 (merit, good, goodness, meritorious action)
maraṇaṁ 死 (death)
yojanaṁ 由旬 (league,約14公里)
sahassaṁ 千、千金 (thousand)
sīlaṁ 戒 (virtue, good conduct)
sukhaṁ 樂 (happiness)
0.具格的語尾變化:(此處以-a為例,其餘請參見以下「一覽表」)
單數 複數
buddha m. 佛 > buddh-ena buddh-ehi
buddh-ebhi
phala n. 果 > phal-ena phal-ehi
phal-ebhi
kaññā f. 少女 > kaññ-āya kaññ-āhi
kaññ-ābhi
1.具格的基本用法
(1) 表示動作的「工具、方式、狀態」(用... ,以... ,...地),通常用
於「非生命名詞」。
‧paññāya passati = 他以智慧見 (he sees with wise)
‧sukhaṁ kāyena phusati = 他以身觸樂 (he touches happiness with the
body)
‧adhivāsesi bhagavā tuṇhībhāvena = 世尊默然應許 (the fortunate
one acquiesced by his silence)
‧pattena udakam atiharati = 他以缽取水 (he brings water in a bowl)
(2) 表示「被動句」之「動作者」(被... , 由...),通常用於「有生命名
詞」。
‧samaṇo mayā diṭṭho = 沙門被我看見/我看見沙門 (the ascetic was
seen by me/ I saw the ascetic)
‧bhāro bhikkhunā chaḍḍito = 重擔被比丘捨離/比丘捨離重擔 (the
load was thrown away by the bhikkhu)
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附: |
具格 語尾變化 一覽 |
(1) 母音結尾的語尾變化:
單數 複數
buddha m. 佛 > buddh-ena buddh-ehi
buddh-ā buddh-ebhi
aggi m. 火 > agg-inā agg-īhi
agg-ībhi
bhikkhu m. 比丘 > bhikkh-unā bhikkh-ūhi
bhikkh-ūbhi
----------------------------
phala n. 果 > phal-ena phal-ehi 同
phal-ā phal-ebhi
akkhi n. 眼 > akkh-inā akkh-īhi 男
akkh-ībhi
assu n. 淚 > ass-unā ass-ūhi 性
ass-ūbhi
==================
kaññā f. 少女 > kaññ-āya kaññ-āhi
kaññ-ābhi
jāti f. 生 > jāt-iyā jāt-īhi
jāt-ībhi
nadī f. 河 > nad-iyā nad-īhi
nad-ībhi
dhenu f. 牡牛 > dhen-uyā dhen-ūhi
dhen-ūbhi
jambū f. 閻浮樹 > jamb-uyā jamb-ūhi
jamb-ūbhi
(2)子音結尾的語尾變化:
單數 複數
attan m. 自我 > attan-ā attan-ehi (-ebhi)
att-ena att-ehi
rājan m. 王 > rājin-ā rāj-ūhi (-ūbhi)
raññ-ā rāj-ehi (-ebhi)
rāj-ena
單數 複數
kamman n. 業 > kamman-ā kamm-ehi (-ebhi)
kammun-ā
kamm-ā
kamm-ena
----------------------------
bhagavant m. 世尊 > bhagavat-ā bhagavant-ehi
bhagavant-ena bhagavant-ebhi
gacchant m. 去 > gacchat-ā gacchant-ehi
(ppr.) gacchant-ena gacchant-ebhi
----------------------------
hatthin m. 象 > hatthin-ā hatth-īhi
hatth-ībhi
gāmin n. 導者 > gāmin-ā gām-īhi
gām-ībhi
----------------------------
vacas n. 語 > vacas-ā vac-ehi
vac-ena vac-ebhi
----------------------------
āyus n. 壽 > āyus-ā āy-ūhi
āy-unā āy-ūbhi
----------------------------
pitar m. 父 > pitar-ā pitar-ehi (-ebhi)
pit-unā pit-ūhi (-ūbhi)
mātar f. 母 > mātar-ā mātar-ehi (-ebhi)
māt-uyā māt-ūhi (-ūbhi)
(3)代名詞類的語尾變化:
單數 複數
ta(d) m.n. 彼 > t-ena t-ehi (-ebhi)
n-ena n-ehi (-ebhi)
eta(d) m.n. 此 > et-ena et-ehi (-ebhi)
ima(ṁ) m.n. 此 > im-inā im-ehi (-ebhi)
ehi (ebhi)
ka m.n. 何 > k-ena k-ehi (-ebhi)
ka-ci m.n. 某 > kena-ci kehi-ci (kebhi-ci)
ya(d) m.n. 其 > y-ena y-ehi (-ebhi)
sabba m.n. 一切 > sabb-ena sabb-ehi (-ebhi)
amu m.n. 此 > am-unā am-ūhi (-ūbhi)
----------------------------
單數 複數
ta(d) f. 彼 > t-āya t-āhi (-ābhi)
n-āya n-āhi (-ābhi)
eta(d) f. 此 > et-āya et-āhi (-ābhi)
ima(ṁ) f. 此 > im-āyai m-āhi (-ābhi)
ka f. 何 > k-āya k-āhi (-ābhi)
ka-ci f. 某 > kāya-ci kāhi-ci (kābhi-ci)
ya(d) f. 其 > y-āya y-āhi (-ābhi)
sabba f. 一切 > sabb-āya sabb-āhi (-ābhi)
amu f. 此 > am-uyā am-ūhi (-ūbhi)
==================
ahaṁ 我 > m-ayā (me) amh-ehi (no)
tvaṁ 你 > t-ayā (te) tumh-ehi (vo)
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