Suffering, origin of suffering, overcoming of suffering,
and the noble eightfold path, leading to appeasement of suffering.

dukkhaṃ dukkha+samuppādaṃ dukkhassa ca atikkamaṃ
|                   |               |                  |          |          |
N.n.          N.n.         N.m.            N.n.    conj.   N.m.
Acc.Sg.        |          Acc.Sg.        Gen.Sg.    |     Acc.Sg.
|                   |_________|                 |______|_____|
|                           |                               |___|
|_______________|___________________|_______________________________

List of Abbreviations

ariyaṃ   ca    aṭṭha+aṅgikaṃ maggaṃ dukkha+upasama+gāminaṃ
|              |        |           |            |            |              |              |
Adj.m. conj. Num.   Adj.m.    N.m.     N.n.        N.m.      Adj.m.
Acc.Sg.   |        |      Acc.Sg.  Acc.Sg.      |________|         Acc.Sg.
|              |        |______|            |                    |____________|
|              |               |_________|                                |
|________|_____________|                                        |
               |           |_____________________________|
               |____________________|
__________________|

dukkhaṃ: dukkha-, N.n.: suffering. Acc.Sg. = dukkhaṃ.

dukkhasamuppādaṃ: dukkhasamuppāda-, N.m.: origin of suffering. It is a compound of:
    dukkha-, N.n.: suffering.
    samuppāda-, N.m.: appearance, origin, coming into existence. It is derived from the verb root pad- (to come) with the prefixes ud- (up) and sam- (together).
Acc.Sg. = dukkhasamuppādaṃ.

dukkhassa: dukkha-, N.m.: suffering. Gen.Sg. = dukkhassa.

ca, conj.: and.

atikkamaṃ: atikkama-, N.m.: overcoming, passing beyond. It is derived from the verb root kam- (to go, to walk) with the prefix ati- (over, beyond). Acc.Sg. = atikkamaṃ.

ariyaṃ: ariya-, Adj.: noble, distinguished, good. Acc.Sg.m. = ariyaṃ.

ca: see above.

List of Abbreviations

aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ: aṭṭhaṅgika-, Adj.: eight-fold, having eight parts. It is a compound of:
    aṭṭha-, Num. eight.
    aṅgika-, Adj.: having a part, having a constituent. It is derived from the word aṅga-, N.n.: limb, part, constituent.
Euphonic combination: aṭṭha- + aṅgika- = aṭṭhaṅgika-.
Acc.Sg.m. = aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ.
Euphonic combination: ca + aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ = c'aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ.

maggaṃ: magga-, N.m.: road, path. Acc.Sg. = maggaṃ.

dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ: dukkhūpasamagāmin-, Adj.: leading to appeasement of suffering. It is a compound of:
    dukkha-, N.n.: suffering.
    upasama-, N.m.: calm, quiet, appeasement. It is derived from the verb root sam- (to be appeased) with the prefix upa- (towards, up).
    gāmin-, Adj.: going, leading to. It is derived from the verb gam- (to go).
Euphonic combination: dukkha- + upasama- = dukkhūpasama-.
Acc.Sg. = dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ.

List of Abbreviations

    Syntactically speaking, this verse contains attributes to the object of the second sentence of the previous verse (see DhP 190), the word ariyasaccāni (noble truths). There are four attributes:
    1) dukkhaṃ (suffering, accusative singular).
    2) dukkhasamuppādaṃ (origin of suffering, accusative singular).
    3) atikkamaṃ (overcoming, accusative singular). This word has an attribute, the noun dukkhassa (of suffering, genitive singular). It is connected to the previous attribute by the conjunction ca (and).
    4) maggaṃ (path, accusative singular). This word has two attributes, the compound dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ (leading to appeasement of suffering, accusative singular) and the compound aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ (eightfold, accusative singular). This last word has its own attribute, the adjective ariyaṃ (noble, accusative singular). The whole attribute is connected to the previous ones by the conjunction ca (and).

    The story for this verse is identical with the one for the preceding verses (DhP 188, DhP 189, DhP 190) and the following one (DhP 192).
    These are so called Four Noble Truths, one of the most important teachings of the Buddha. They are:

    1) The Truth of Suffering: everything in this world is connected with pain and suffering.
    2) The truth of Origin of Suffering: the root of suffering is our craving.
    3) The truth of Extinction of Suffering: by destroying the craving we also destroy all the suffering.
    4) The truth of the Path, leading to the Extinction of Suffering: this can be done by following the Noble Eightfold Path: Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration.

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

dukkhaṃ
dukkhasamuppādaṃ
dukkha
samuppādaṃ
dukkhassa
ca
atikkamaṃ
ariyaṃ
aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ
aṭṭha
aṅgikaṃ
maggaṃ
dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ
upasama
gāminaṃ