Gāthā Sentence Translation Sentence Structure
Vocabulary&Grammar Commentary Pronunciation
                          List of Abbreviations

ākāse padaṃ natthi samaṇo natthi bāhire

papañcābhiratā pajā nippapañcā tathāgatā

(DhP 254)




Sentence Translation:

There are no tracks in the sky. There is not a true monk outside of this teaching.
Mankind delights in obsession. The Buddhas are free of obsession.




Sentence Structure:
List of Abbreviations

ākāse     padaṃ   na     atthi       samaṇo   na     atthi     bāhire
|                  |        |          |              |          |          |           |
N.m.        N.n.   neg. V.act.in.     N.m.    neg.  V.act.in.  Adv.
Loc.Sg. Nom.Sg.  |    3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg.   |    3.Sg.pres.    |
|                  |        |______|             |          |______|           |
|__________|________|                  |                |_________|
         |_____|                                 |______________|

List of Abbreviations

papañca+abhiratā     pajā  nippapañcā tathāgatā
|                   |             |             |              |
N.m.        Adj.f.       N.f.      Adj.m.      N.m.
|             Nom.Sg. Nom.Sg. Nom.Pl.   Nom.Pl.
|___________|             |            |________|
          |_____________|




Vocabulary and Grammar:
List of Abbreviations

ākāse: ākāsa-, N.m.: air, sky, space. Loc.Sg. = ākāse.

padaṃ: pada-, N.n.: track, path. Nom.Sg. = padaṃ.

na, neg.: not.

atthi, V.: is. The verb root is as- (to be). 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = atthi.
Euphonic combination: na + atthi = natthi.

samaṇo: samaṇa-, N.m.: a recluse, a wandering ascetic, a monk (not only a Buddhist monk).
Nom.Sg. = samaṇo.

natthi: see above (na + atthi).

bāhire, Adv.: outside. It is the word bāhira-, Adj.: external. Loc.Sg. = bāhire. Here as an Adv.

List of Abbreviations

papañcābhiratā: papañcābhirata-, Adj.: delighting in obsession. It is a compound of:
    papañca-, N.m.: obsession, hindrance to spiritual progress.
    abhirati-, N.f.: delight, content.
Euphonic combination: papañca- + abhirata- = papañcābhirata-.
Nom.Sg.f. = papañcābhiratā.

pajā: pajā-, N.f.: beings, people, mankind. Nom.Sg. = pajā.

nippapañcā: nippapañca-, Adj.: without obsession, free of spiritual hindrances. It is the word papañca-, N.m. (see above) with the prefix ni- (without). Nom.Pl.m. = nippapañcā.

tathāgatā: tathāgata-, N.m.: an epithet of the Buddha. Lit. "thus gone", one who has reached Awakenment in this way (that is according to the Dharma). It is a compound of:
    tathā, Adv. thus, in such way.
    gata-, Adj.: gone. It is a p.p. of the verb gam- (to go).
Nom.Pl. = tathāgatā.

List of Abbreviations

    This verse consists of four sentences. They are:
    1) ākāse padaṃ natthi (there are no tracks in the sky). The subject is the noun padaṃ (track, nominative singular). The verb is atthi (is, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by the negative particle na (not). The verb has an attribute, the noun ākāse (in the sky, locative singular).
    2) samaṇo natthi bāhire (there is not a true monk outside [of this teaching]). The subject is the noun samaṇo (monk, nominative singular). The verb is atthi (is, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by the negative particle na (not). The verb has an attribute, the adverb bāhire (outside).
    3) papañcābhiratā pajā (mankind delights in obsession). The subject is the noun pajā (mankind, nominative singular). The verb is omitted, implying the verb "to be". The object is the compound papañcābhiratā (delighting in obsession, nominative singular).
    4) nippapañcā tathāgatā (the Buddhas are free of obsession). The subject is the noun tathāgatā (the Buddhas, nominative plural). The verb is omitted, implying the verb "to be". The object is the compound nippapañcā (free of obsession, nominative plural).




Commentary:

    The Buddha passed away in the town of Kusinarā. At that time the ascetic named Subhadda stayed at Kusinarā. He went to many religious teachers but none could satisfy his doubts and Subhadda did not become their pupil. Just before the Buddha died, Subhadda approached him and asked him some questions. The Buddha answered them in this verse (and the following one, DhP 255). Subhadda became a monk and later attained the Awakenment. He was the last direct pupil of the Buddha.




Sentence pronunciation:

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

ākāse
padaṃ
na
atthi
samaṇo
bāhire
papañcābhiratā
papañca
abhiratā
pajā
nippapañcā
tathāgatā
tathā
gatā