Who is devoted to calming of thoughts,
meditates on impurity, is always mindful,
such a person will put an end to craving.
Such a person will cut off the fetters of Mara.

vitakka+upasame  ca           yo            rato
|                  |         |              |                |
N.m.        N.m.  conj.  Rel.Pron.m.   Adj.m.
|             Loc.Sg.   |        Nom.Sg.    Nom.Sg.
|__________|         |              |                |
         |__________|________|_________|
                                           |        |_________________________________I.
                                           |_____________________|
                                                             |____________________________II.

List of Abbreviations

asubhaṃ bhāvayate  sadā     sato
|                    |             |          |
N.n.        V.med.in.  Adv.   Adj.m.
Acc.Sg.   3.Sg.caus.     |     Nom.Sg.
|___________|             |______|
I.____|_________________|
II.______________________________________________________________

List of Abbreviations

esa          kho byanti+kāhiti
|                |        |          |
Pron.m.  part.  Adj.    V.act.
Nom.Sg.    |        |     3.Sg.fut.
|_________|        |______|
         |____________|
                     |_____________________________________________________

List of Abbreviations

esa         checchati māra+bandhanaṃ
|                   |            |            |
Pron.m.   V.act.     N.m.      N.n.
Nom.Sg. 3.Sg.fut.      |       Acc.Sg.
|                   |            |_______|
|                   |__________|
|_______________|

vitakkūpasame: vitakkūpasama-, N.m.: calming of thoughts. It is a compound of:
    vitakka-, N.m.: thought, thinking.
    upasama-, N.m.: calm, quiet, tranquility. It is derived from the verb root sam- (to be appeased) with the prefix upa- (towards, up).
Euphonic combination: vitakka- + upasama- = vitakkūpasama-.
Loc.Sg. = vitakkūpasame.

ca, conj.: and.

yo: yad-, Rel.Pron.: that which. Nom.Sg.m. = yo.

rato: rata-, Adj.: devoted. It is a p.p. of the verb ram- (to delight in, to be devoted to).
Nom.Sg.m. = rato.

List of Abbreviations

asubhaṃ: asubha-, Adj.: unpleasant, not pleasant. It is the word subha-, Adj.: pleasant, nice negated by the negative prefix a-. As an N.n.: impurity. Acc.Sg. = asubhaṃ.

bhāvayate, V.: meditates on. Lit. "cause to be", produce, cultivate, develop. It is a caus. of the verb root bhū- (to be). 3.Sg.med.caus.pres. = bhāvayate.

sadā, Adv.: always.

sato: sata-, Adj.: mindful, wakeful, alert. It is a p.p. of the verb root sar- (to remember, to be mindful). Nom.Sg.m. = sato.

esa: etad-, Pron.: this. Nom.Sg.m: esa.

kho, part.: indeed.

List of Abbreviations

byantikāhiti, V.: will remove, will destroy. It is a compound of:
    byanta-, Adj.: removed, finished. It is the word anta-, N.n.: end with the prefix vi- (away, separation). The compound form: byanti-.
    kāhiti, V.: will make. It is a fut. of the verb root kar- (to do). 3.Sg.act.fut. = kāhiti.

esa: see above.

checchati, V.: will cut off, destroy, remove. The verb root is ched-. 3.Sg.act.fut. = checchati.

mārabandhanaṃ: mārabandhana-, N.n: the bond of Mara. It is a compound of:
    māra-, N.m.: Mara, the Evil One, Death.
    bandhana-, N.n.: bond, fetter. It is derived from the verb root bandh- (to bind, to fasten).
Acc.Sg. = mārabandhanaṃ.

List of Abbreviations

    This verse consists of two syntactically separate sentences. They are:
    1) vitakkūpasame ca yo rato asubhaṃ bhāvayate sadā sato esa kho byantikāhiti (who is devoted to calming of thoughts, meditates on impurity, is always mindful, such a person will put an end to craving). This can be further analysed into two sentences:
    a) vitakkūpasame ca yo rato asubhaṃ bhāvayate sadā sato (who is devoted to calming of thoughts, meditates on impurity, is always mindful). The subject of this sentence is the relative pronoun yo (whoever, nominative singular). There are three clauses dependent on the subject. They are:
    I) vitakkūpasame ca rato (devoted to calming of thoughts). The subject is the past participle rato (devoted, nominative singular). It has an attribute, the compound vitakkūpasame (to calming of thoughts, locative singular). The conjunction ca serves only for metrical purposes.
    II) asubhaṃ bhāvayate (meditates on impurity). The subject is omitted; the verb implies the third person singular pronoun. The verb is bhāvayate (meditates, 3^rd person, singular, medium, indicative, causative). The object is the noun/adjective asubhaṃ (impurity, accusative singular).
    III) sadā sato (always mindful). The subject is the past participle sato (mindful, nominative singular). It has an attribute, the adverb sadā (always).
    b) esa kho byantikāhiti (such a person will put an end [to craving]). The subject is the pronoun esa (he, nominative singular). It is stressed by the particle kho (indeed). The verb is byantikāhiti (will put an end, 3^rd person, singular, active, future).
    2) esa checchati mārabandhanaṃ (such a person will cut off the fetters of Mara). The subject is the pronoun esa (he, nominative singular). The verb is checchati (will cut off, 3^rd person, singular, active, future). The object is the compound mārabandhanaṃ (the fetter of Mara, accusative singular).

    The story for this verse is identical with the one for the previous verse (DhP 349).
    The more we think about the pleasant things, the more we desire them. The thirst and attachment will grow. We should also reflect on the unpleasant and impure things in order to restrain our thirst and craving. In this way, we will be able to cut off the fetters that bind us to this world and we can reach the Awakenment.

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

vitakkūpasame
vitakka
upasame
ca
yo
rato
asubhaṃ
bhāvayate
sadā
sato
esa
kho
byantikāhiti
byanta
kāhiti
checchati
mārabandhanaṃ
māra
bandhanaṃ