Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Denkschriften
附屬叢書
Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens Nr. 46 [Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences of the Autonomous Region of Tibet]
叢書號
333
資料類型
書籍=Book
使用語言
英文=English
摘要
This publication represents the results of a detailed historical-philological and anthropological study dedicated to the history and cult of Khra-´brug or the Thundering Falcon temple. It constitutes the first serious inquiry into the location’s history, focusing exclusively on this major religious shrine and pilgrimage site, which, according to the Tibetan tradition, is commonly regarded as the oldest (Buddhist) temple in Tibet. The sanctuary, located in the heart of the Yar-lung Valley in southern Central Tibet, which is the cradle of the Tibetan civilization and erstwhile homeland of the Tibetan kings, was erected in the 7th century during the reign of the emperor Srong-btsan sgam-po (d. A.D. 649). Chronologically the temple may have been built immediately preceding the temple sanctuary of Lhasa, which was erected by the same king, the Ra-sa´i´ Phrul-snang, otherwise known as Jo-khang, and which is famed as the symbolic centre and national sanctum of Buddhist Tibet. The main part of the book is made up of a number of primary sources that deal with Khra-´brug, which are presented here in extensively annotated translations. These include excerpts gleaned from various historiographical works as well as local documents. One of these is a local pilgrims’ guide, Khra ´brug gnas bshad (dating from the early 20th century), which forms the most important source in the book and which is also reproduced in facsimile. Furthermore, extensive surveys that were conducted in situ are presented, gleaned from the wealth of local oral traditions that still prevail in Khra-´brug and in Yar-lung. They deliver significant new insights and thus enrich the data extracted from the written sources appreciably. Together, the source material and its comparative analysis open a door to the fascinating world behind the history of this temple, a vista that, from a modern perspective, allows us to appraise and survey central issues related to politics and religion, as well as a number of arcane cult traditions of the period from the 7th to 20th centuries. The appendices contain separate studies related to specific questions concerning the history of the temple, sometimes addressing issues going beyond Khra-´brug such as an extensive discussion of the extant lists of the first temples of the kingdom that are ascribed to the founding king Srong-btsan sgam-po. Also included is a study of the earlier local historical context, a history of the main protector gods, and various examples of the fascinating temple cults (some to a certain extent still alive, others revitalized). These assumed their decisive forms during the era of the fifth Dalai Lama, when Khra-´brug was transformed into a state temple for the emerging central government in Lhasa. Architectural documentation, several cartographical sketches based on satellite photos, an extensive photo documentation (both old and rare pictures and numerous recent photos), and, finally, the accompanying DVD (with recent documentary films devoted to the temple and its important annual festival) make this engrossing book a joy to read and a feast for the eyes, both for advanced scholars and the interested lay audience. The index includes all Tibetan and Sanskrit names (persons and places) and text titles that are cited in the translated sources.
目次
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1
INTRODUCTION I. The Position and Classification of Khra-Õbrug in the Tibetan Tradition 3 II. Sources and Subject Matter 6 II.1 Text A 6 II.2 Texts B – F 9 II.3 Appendices 10 III. Historico-geographical Delimitations 11 III.1 The Yar-lung and ÕPhyong-po Districts and the Position of Khra-Õbrug in Lower Yar 11 III.2 The Royal Path: From Yar-lung over rGya-ma to lHa-sa 14 IV. Old Khra-Õbrug – Successive Phases of the Building History 15 V. Political and Religious Developments in the Yar-lung Area and their Reflection in the Temple History 22 V.1 The Centre of g.Yo-ru during the “Dark Period” and the Revenge of the Monk-Minister Bran-ka dPal gyi yon-tan 22 V.2 In the Service of the Temple – Historical Connections in the Post-imperial Period 25 V.2.1 The dGyer Lineage: Ancient Clan-historical Links to Khra-Õbrug 25 V.2.2 Cultic and Religious Re-occupations of the Temple in the 11th and 12th Century 27 V.2.3 rTse-tshogs-pa and the Establishment of other “Support Monasteries” in the Period of the Presence of the Sa-skya-pa, dGe-lugs-pa and other Schools (13th–16th cent.) 29 V.2.4 The Temple in the Period of the “Precious Government” 33
SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF KHRA-ÕBRUG TEXT A [Khra Õbrug gi gnas bshad] 41 [I] [Introductory Preamble] 41 [II] [King Srong-btsan sgam-po] 42 [III] [The Ra-sa ÕPhrul-snang Temple and the Temples for Taming the Body and Limbs of the srin-Demoness] 48 [IV] [The Foundation of the Temple and the Discovery of the rGyal-ba rigs-lnga] 56 [IV.1] [The “Invitation” of the Sacred Statues from Khotan] 62 [V] [The Main Temple and its Principal Sacred Objects] 65 [V.1] [The dBang-stegs Platform] 66 [V.2] [The Speaking Tàrà] 68 [V.3] [The Adjoining sGo-drug Ka-drug Temples] 69 [VI] [The Temples Outside sGo-drug Ka-drug] 77 [VII [The mChod-rten dBu-lnga] 93 [VIII] [The Circumambulation] 96 [IX] [The 18 Sanctuaries of Yar-lung] 99 [X] [Concluding Verses] 113
TEXT B [Excerpt from mKhas paÕi dgaÕ ston] [Khra-Õbrug and the Other Taming Temples] 143 [I] [The Water Demon Klu-sbrul mGo-lnga] 143 [II] [The Main Temple or gTsang-khang] 144 [III] [The gTer-khang] 144 [IV] [The KingÕs Encounter with the Monk at the mChod-rten rTse-lnga] 145 [V] [The Groups of the Taming Temples] 146
TEXT C [Excerpt from bKaÕ thang sde lnga] [The gter ma-s of the Khra-Õbrug lha-khang] 149 [I] [The lHa-khang Õog-ma] 149 [I.1] [The Large Cave] 150 [I.2] The Small Cave] 150 [II] [Inside the Main Chamber] 150 [III] [Treasuries of the gNod-sbyin-khang] 152 [IV] [The Opening of the Treasury] 153
TEXT D [Excerpt from bKaÕ chems Ka khol ma] [Khra-Õbrug and the mChod-rten dBu-lnga] 155
TEXT E The Bell of Khra-Õbrug 159
TEXT F [Offering and Eulogy to Tshangs-pa – The Protector God of Khra-Õbrug (Tshangs pa mchod bstod): A Synopsis] 162
APPENDICES Appendix I The Tradition Concerning TibetÕs First Royal Temples (Per K. Sørensen and Guntram Hazod) 171 I. The Lists of the Temples 172 I.1 “TibetÕs Oldest Temple” – On the Chronology of the Jo-khang and Khra-Õbrug Foundations 172 I.2 The Groups of Temple Lists: Origins and Classification 178 I.2.1 The Anthropomorphized Tibet: The srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba Metonym 179 I.2.2 Three Versions 181 I.3 Tables 184 II. The Supine Demoness Painting and its Religious Sites 201 II.1 Brief Description and the Question of its Dating 201 II.2 The 12 Temple Scheme in the Drawing 204 II.3 The Individual Toponyms 209
Appendix II The Falcon and the Lizard Yar-lung and the Cultic History of its Royal Temple, the “Thundering Falcon” (Guntram Hazod) 217 Introduction 217 PART 1: The Yar-lung House Before the “Tethering of Buddhism” 219 1. The Arrival of the Royal Ancestor and its Connection to the Local Historical Context 219
