生死=life and death=rebirth and redeath=birth and death=Samsqra; 佛教人物=Buddhist; 佛教寺院=Buddhist Monastery=Buddhist Temple
摘要
Buddhism was a fact of life and death during the Tokugawa period (1600–1868): every household was expected to be affiliated with a Buddhist temple, and every citizen had to be given a Buddhist funeral. The enduring relationship between temples and their affiliated households gave rise to the danka system of funerary patronage. This private custom became a public institution when the Tokugawa shogunate discovered an effective means by which to control the populace and prevent the spread of ideologies potentially dangerous to its power—especially Christianity. Despite its lack of legal status, the danka system was applied to the entire population without exception; it became for the government a potent tool of social order and for the Buddhist establishment a practical way to ensure its survival within the socioeconomic context of early modern Japan. In this study, Nam-lin Hur follows the historical development of the danka system and details the intricate interplay of social forces, political concerns, and religious beliefs that drove this “economy of death" and buttressed the Tokugawa governing system. With meticulous research and careful analysis, Hur demonstrates how Buddhist death left its mark firmly upon the world of the Tokugawa Japanese.
目次
Preliminary Material i - xv The Rise of Funerary Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan 1 - 30 The Origin of the Danka System 31 - 36 Trade, Anti-Christianity, and Buddhism, 1600 – 1632 37 - 58 From Suppression to Buddhist Inspection, 1633 – 1651 59 - 78 Population Surveillance and Temple Certification, 1651 – 1709 79 - 106 The Danka System and Funerary Buddhism 107 - 108 The Social Mode of the Danka System 109 - 140 Buddhist Mortuary Rituals 141 - 169 Memorial Services for the New Spirit 170 - 182 The Annual Veneration of Ancestral Deities 183 - 195 Funerary Buddhism and Ie Society 196 - 215 The Cultural Politics of the Danka System 217 - 220 Danna Patrons, Buddhist Death, and Funerary Temples 221 - 243 Danna Temples, the State, and Anti-Buddhist Criticism 244 - 275 Funeral Practice, Public Authority, and Social Control 276 - 293 Filial Piety, Feudal Ethics, and Wandering Spirits 294 - 316 Funerary Buddhism and Shinto Funerals 317 - 318 Shinto Funeral Movements in the Bakumatsu 319 - 339 Shinto Funerals in Early Meiji Japan 340 - 363 Conclusion 364 - 370 Notes 371 - 466 Works Cited 467 - 509 List of Characters 511 - 528 Index 529 - 550 Harvard East Asian Monographs 551 - 562
